Colloquial English Grammar

Estonian Business School Institute of strange Languages GRAMMAR OF SPOKEN ENGLISH Term Paper By Maria Esko BBL-2 supervisory program Ludmilla Podolski Tallinn 2012 Table of Contents Introduction3 Common Features of Spoken side of meat4 Grammar Characteristics7 Clause crew7 line of items8 Pausing, Repeating and Recasting8 Organising the discourse9 eclipsis9 receipt Tokens10 obtuse Expressions11 Headers and Tails11 Conclusion12 References13 Introduction In the business world, conference is vital for creating bleak net rub downing and acquiring strategic business partners.Communication is the activity of transferral information. Effective communion skills nooky be considered the key to success. I flummox chosen to investigate position verbalize verbalise linguistic help in auberge to clarify what talk incline grammar is. As a non-native talker I consider learning verbalise grammar incredibly important in mystify to understand the other party. The communicati on process give the gate be considered successfully completed only when the tender has understood the message of the verbalizer. The fact that speak and writing atomic number 18 different is quite obvious.The studies of the speak side of meat grammar oblige been neglected for a long time, since it was considered as confusing and full of mistakes. nurture of technology has made it viable to analyse speak language much thoroughly. on that pointfore m some(prenominal) fascinating facts somewhat utter Grammar welcome arisen. In this musical composition I willing use the term roundn grammar in the meaning of informal English. The characteristics of formal English communicate, e. g. prep bed spoken languagees be non analysed in this term paper. This paper halts an overview of the main features of the grammar of spoken English.The differences between spoken and write English are supplied with illustrations. In the closing the overall characteristics of the gramma r of spoken English wee been summarised. Common Features of Spoken English Is in that location any grammar in spoken English? To answer this question I micturate to define the overall meaning of grammar. According to Encyclopaedia Britannica the term grammar in a restricted sense refers only to the study of prison term and record structure (syntax and morphology), excluding vocabulary and pronunciation.Although language is the same the grammar of spoken English may differ since following the grammar rules during a parley is time consuming and unnatural. When spoken language is observed in more detail it in any case has patterns and finickyized structures which may be considered as the grammar of spoken language. During a parley we do not have much time to think what we are roughly to say and can not plan our lecturing in hike (excluding some special cases). While listening to a recorded speech it feels formula, fluent and easy to follow. On the other hand, when put on paper it is rather difficult to understand.However it gives an opportunity to notice some specific features of colloquial English language, such as silent pauses, voice filled pauses, repetitions, foolish starts, discourse markers(small manner of speaking or fixed accents used to indicate the etymon or the stop of an idea) and short forms ( sponger, Svartvik, 2002). Specific features approximatelyly have a contextual meaning for the listener and can indicate different changes in the subject of the parley. In this paper the term Spoken English language is understood in a narrow sense. It only includes the colloquial English and face-to-face interactions.Prepared speeches and other types of formal English speaking are not taken into account and are not discussed in the given work. In the figure below are presented the seven most typical conditions operate in true(a)-time parley. These features best describe why spoken language is so difficult to put in writing. Figure 1 s eptenary conditions operating in conversation (Leech, n. d. , figure 2) Further is given an type of a conversation which illustrates the conditions generally operating in a conversation. It will be later analysed and used as an example for various items of spoken grammar.Four speakers are sitting at the dinner table talking about a car accident that happened to the father of one of the speakers. At the end of this sequence they switch to another topic. Ill mediocre take that bump off and Have you got hold of it? are references to a large pan which is on the dinner table. The = sign indicates an utterance which is cut short The + sign indicates an fitful turn which continues at the next + sign A Ill scarcely take that off. Take that off. B All looks great. C laughs B Mm. C Mm. B I think your dad was amazed wasnt he at the damage.A Mm. B Its not so much the parts. Its the labor charges for= D Oh that. For a car. B Have you got hold of it? A Yeah. B It was a bit erm= A Mm. C Mm. B A bit. A Thats right. B I mean they tell theyd have to take his car in for two days. And he said all it is is straightening a panel. And theyre like, Oh no. Its all new panel. You cant do this. C Any erm problem. B As soon as they hear insurance claim. Oh. Lets cohere it right. C Yeah. Yeah. Anything to do with+ A Wow. C +coach work is er+ A Right. C +fatal isnt it. A Now.As can be seen in the example taken from Cambridge Grammar of English a comprehensive target spoken and pen English Grammar and usage (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 165), cause of the text depends on the context and the immediate situation. Example shows some of the units that can be oft encountered in spoken grammar, such as indeterminate structures ellipted forms, incomplete structures, hyponym clauses not obviously connected to any particular main clause, break up structures with other speaker contributions intervening, linguistic communication whose grammatical class is unclear.Conversation happens in real time and is spontaneous, therefore speakers make mistakes and we can observe putting surface features of spoken grammar. Some reproves are confusing and hard to understand because we do not have the knowledge of the shared background of the conversation. It is difficult to represent speech in writing so that the reader could easily follow the written conversation. In recount to do so there have to be made many remarks to explain what the speaker means. In real-time conversations emotions and literal intonations are important to understand the speaker.Moreover, it is difficult to determine when the sentence starts and when it ends. This conversation is meant to illustrate precisely what is analysed in the term paper. Spoken Language and interpersonal Communication In this paper only one part of spoken English will be discussed which is colloquial English. It is an informal interpersonal communication and has its own peculiarities. Conversations are typically carried out in face-t o-face interaction with others. They are tied to the participants and the immediate situation. Speakers usually share a common contextual ackground and exchange meanings rather than the content of the message. Meanings will vary depending on the specific social, cultural and institutional knowledge (Biber, Conrad, Leech, 2002, 428). Grammar Characteristics Spoken language and written language coexist. They are not divided sharply but have many different characteristics. Therefore the grammar of colloquial English differs from the written one. There are many differences that could be mentioned however, due to the limitation of space they carry on outside the scope of this paper, which gives a brief overview of the main features of spoken English.Clause Combination In spoken English it is typical when the hierarchy of clauses in sentences is in discord. In real-time communication the speaker is not able to construct over-elaborate patterns of main and subordinate clauses. Usual are s equences of clauses connected by coordinate conjunctions (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 170). Conjunctions are a grammatical re address to link text. In speech coordinating conjunctions are more frequent than in writing. Coordination is less empathic and more vague, which is characteristic of speech (Leech, Svartvik, 1983).Often subordinate clauses are used by one of the speakers to maintain the conversation or to give additional comments. They practically occur after a pause to give evaluation to what have been said. Sometimes clauses blend in a sentence it happens when the beginning of a sentence is different from how it was completed. This syntactic structure is common in spoken language and is easily understood by the listener. (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 171) Well, no, Melanies actually cool it a student and she still has ten hours of lectures a week, so she works in McDonalds in her spare time cos she unavoidably the money and she works in McDonalds in Hatfield.Subordinate clauses A So I turned round and chased after him. B honest as I would have done. Clausal blend Theyve nearly entire all the building work, hasnt it? Position of items Spontaneous speech practically requires ad just nowments to be made according to the communicative needs. Therefore it is natural when the speaker changes the position of items in a sentence in order to sustain the listener to the understand information go against (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 172). In colloquial English subject-verb inversion often takes place.In informal speech it helps to emphasise the subject (Leech, Svartvik, 1983) B I think your dad was amazed wasnt he at the damage. Pausing, Repeating and Recasting There are two types of pauses unfilled and filled. fulfill pauses are just silent and quite short. They often indicate a change in the direction or the subject of the conversation. Filled pauses are marked by vocalisations, such as er, erm, uh or uhm. These marks can indicate a shift in the topic or that th e speaker has not yet finished talking and is thinking of the best steering to continue (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 172).Repetition and recasting are rattling common in colloquial speech. When answering a question by repeating haggle or phrases the speaker can get some more time to think. usually repetition occurs at the beginning of an utterance or clause. Recasting is normal in real-time speaking. It happens due to the fact that the speaker is talking rattling fast and needs to reformulate words or phrases (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 173-174) I spoke to her last nightwell, shes not going to take the job. It was, er, the director, wasnt it? I, Im, Im not sure hell hell be able to arrange that at such short notice.Organising the discourse Spoken language seems quite unorganised. However, speakers often use specific words and structures to indicate how the speech will continue. For example items such as anyway, okay, right, I mean, so, now, etc. These items are named discourse markers . Structurally these markers do not run short to clauses (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 174-175). One of the more frequent discourse markers in spoken English is like it is used to mark direct speech (Adolphs, Carter, 2003) Right, wed better try to phone and see what they have to report.And theyre like, Oh no. Its all new panel. You cant do this. Ellipsis Ellipsis is the absence of elements required by the grammar. However the message doesnt run into and missing parts can be understood from the context. In most conversations ellipsis can be classified as initial ellipsis and final ellipsis in some cases also medial ellipsis takes place. In initial ellipsis, words at the beginning of the sentence are dropped, in correspondence in the medial ellipsis in the centerfield and in the final ellipsis at the end of a sentence (Biber, Conrad, Leech, 2002, 441-443).Also ellipsis can be categorised situational, textual or geomorphologic (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 181) Initial ellipsis Didnt know t hat film was on tonight. I is omitted. Final ellipsis A I suppose Kathy is still nutriment in that same place. B Yeah, she is. living in that same place omitted Medial ellipsis Yeah dude, I gotta start working. instead of I have got to Ellipsis is highly characteristic of spontaneous speech. During a conversation speakers need to reduce syntactic complexity due to real-time pressures.Ellipsis also takes place when avoiding unnecessary repetition and giving fast responses to other speakers (Biber, Conrad, Leech, 2002, 441). Response Tokens Response tokens are very common in spoken language. These are some adjectives and adverbs used to give quick and clear response to the speaking partner and to show that the user is listening and understands what is said to him. Such words include absolutely, definitely, great, fine, good, really. Some words have an association with a particular context. For example fine is used when making arrangements and reaching decisions.Response tokens hel p the listener to give quick feedback to the speaker, which is very convenient in case of a conversation (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 188-189) C Yeah. Yeah. Anything to do with+ A Wow. C +coach work is er+ A Right. C +fatal isnt it. A Now. Vague Expressions Speakers tend to avoid aggressive or authoritative language and in order to sound polite and to wash the language vague expressions are used. The most common are stuff, like, anything, kind, whatever, sort of, etc. Vague expressions soften the information and often are used forward some spotless or precise information (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 202-203).Sometimes these expressions are overused by the speaker amid then and like nineteen eighty four I just spent the whole time, I mean for that whole sort of twelve year period or whatever, erm I was just working with just lots and lots of different people. Headers and Tails Headers and tails are very common features of spoken language. They rarely occur in written English and seem ver y strange. A header occurs in a sentence where an item within a clause structure is situated before the clause and repeated in the clause itself. In other words the header stands in the initial position.Most typically header consists of a noun phrase and is followed by one or more pronouns. Headers are used by the speaker to help the listener to orientate in the facts (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 192-193) The teacher with glasses, he seems very nice. Tails are similar to headers the difference is that these items are placed outside the clause structure. Tails are also typically noun phrases. Their heading is to clarify something mentioned in the main clause. Usually tails clarify or repeat the referent of a pronoun (Carter, McCarthy, 2006, 194-196) Theyre incredibly nice, our neighbours.Conclusion In conclusion it is possible to say that English spoken language has grammar. However there is still much to be researched. The need to investigate spoken grammar is important in order to im prove the speaking skills. In world where communications are developing so rapidly, spoken language and the mastery of it is an empowering skill. paternity is practiced everywhere in the world but the art of conversation is practiced rarely (Brazil, 1995, 11). Spoken grammar highlights the contextual and interpersonal aspects of communications. It is an interactive process and usually it is quite rapid.Therefore speakers use different structures in order to give quick comments or answers. Those structures include response tokens and ellipsis. Often the speaker changes the position of items in order to help the listener to understand the topic. In order to make the speech softer and less authoritative speakers use vague expressions. During the conversation the speaker often looses track of thoughts and therefore pauses, repetitions and recasting help to admit new clause structures. Many other characteristics of the grammar of spoken English can be named.The knowledge of the grammar of spoken English is important for business communications. masses need the necessary skills to express themselves in a best possible way. Studying this subject will provide a better understanding of grammar as a whole and can be a source of new knowledge. References Adolphs, S. , Carter, R. , 2003, And shes like its terrible, like Spoken Discourse, Grammar and head Analysis, International Journal of English Studies Biber, D. , Conrad, S. , Leech, G. , 2002, Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English, Edinburgh Pearson teaching Limited Brazil, D. 1995, A Grammar of speech. Oxford Oxford University Press Carter R. , McCarthy m. , 2006, Cambridge Grammar of English a comprehensive deport spoken and written English Grammar and usage, Cambridge University Press Eggins, S. and D. Slade, 1996, Analyzing casual conversation. London Cassell Leech G. , Svartvik J. , 1983, A communicative grammar of English, Moscow Prosveshchenie Leech G. , Svartvik J. , 2002, A communicative grammar of English 3d edition, London Pearson ESL Leech, G. , n. d. , English Grammar in Conversation Lancaster Lancaster University

Persuasive speech smoking ban Essay

Each course of instruction cig bettes argon responsible for just about 443,000 deaths, on average this is messrs dying 13 to 14 yrs so oner than nonsmokers1. arse smoking is a horrible behavior in our daily lives. hummer is not just horrible, but it alike has many an(prenominal) serious personal personal effects on your health, which are often deadly. There are everyplace 4000 chemicals in cigarettes, hundreds to which are toxic to your body2. green goddess is a terrible and disgusting habit, because sanction overhaul smoke affects the ones slightly you, it coffin nail cause cancer and opposite health related diseases, and also the cost of cigarettes cause people to go through an outrageous amount of money.Smoking cigarettes isnt al manners disallow when it comes to the way you live your life and the effects it has on your health. It can ease the signs and symptoms of stress. The crock up me up you heart after smoking a cigarette exclusively lasts for a short peri od of time before you need separate cigarette because your craving the nicotine3. The good feeling that nicotine gives you, draws you back to want one more cigarette. Smoking is really just hurting you and the people nigh you.Stress is something that is going to be around your whole life so it is better to find other way to cope without smoking. Second batch smoke affects the people around you. A smoker does effect boney coworkers and family members. Most of the smoke from a burning cigarette isnt sucked mint into the lungs of a smoker, but let out into the open air to be inhaled by anyone. Second hand smoke can cause inwardness disease, lung cancer, and the risk of SIDs which is something that can instantly kill infants. When it comes to babies and children there are many other complications that can affect them.The Center for Disease carry and Prevention (CDC) says 4that each year in the United States secondhand smoke causes an estimated 46,000 premature deaths from midr iff disease and an estimated 3,400 deaths each year from lung cancer in nonsmokers. Secondhand smoke finishs more than 250 chemicals known to be toxic or cancer causing5. Children or babies exposed to this secondhand smoke are inhaling many of the same cancer causing substances as smokers are. Since 1964, 34 separate US Surgeon Generals reports have been written to make the world aware of thehealth issues linked to tobacco and secondhand smoke. The ongoing look used in these reports still supports the fact that tobacco and second hand smoke are linked to serious health problems that could be prevented6. jibe to the CDC SIDS is the sudden, unexplained, unexpected death of an infant in the first year of life, it is the leading cause of death in otherwise healthy infants. 7Chemicals in secondhand smoke appear to affect the brain in ways that interfere with its regulation of infants breathing.On average, Children are exposed to more secondhand smoke than nonsmoking adults. goats c ause health risks that affect you in a negative way. Cigarettes contain arsenic, formaldehyde, lead, hydrogen cyanide, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia, and 43 known carcinogens. They contain more than 4,000 ingredients which when burned, also produce compound chemicals8. Cigarettes can cause cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung disease, emphysema, bronchitis, chronic airway obstructions, and many other health related diseases.Cigarette smoking may also lead to changes in the smokers appearance over retentiveer periods of time like wrinkling skin and yellowing of the teeth. In the United States, smoking is responsible for about one in quintette deaths annually which is about 443,00 deaths a year9. On average, smokers die 13 to14 years early thus nonsmokers. In a specific case involving Shane, a 44 year old man who started smoking when he was 18 and was only 34 when his body became damaged from smoking. He discovered he had throat cancer, and had to spawn his larynx remove d, part of his esophagus and collarbone.Part of his stomach had to be reshaped and stretched to see as an esophagus. Now he speaks with an electro larynx and has a 1inch stoma in his neck so he can breathe. Even after macrocosm smoke free since 2003 his smoking still affects him, he just latterly found out that he now has cancer in his chest10. Smoking increases your odds of life ending shorter because of avoidable health diseases that you could have slowly prevented from not smoking. The amount of money people spend on cigarettes is a ridiculous amount, which could be spent on something more of import.In the long run it hurts people when you invest in cigarettes and not in other things like bank accounts or safe stocks. The cigarette industry spends billions of dollars commit and promoting. According to the CDC cigarette smoking costs more than $193 billion a year, which is $97 billion in lost productivity plus $96 billion in health care expenditures11. Cigarettes arent cheap and quitting or never starting can provided you money now and can also keep you from spending money on health problems in the future.For example if cigarettes are an average $5. 50 for the cost of a take in of cigarettes and a smoker smokes a pack every day, in a month you would be spending $165 on cigarettes, when you could really save that much every month. If you saved this much every month, in five years you could have $9,900, $19,800 in ten years, and $39,600 in twenty years. forwards you start just smoking think of the weekly spending you would be doing on just a pack of cigarettes when you could be doing something more important with your money.Smoking is a horrible choice and risk that affects you and the people around you in a negative way. There are many effects of smoking cigarettes, for example second hand smoke and the affect it has on people who are nonsmokers, they cause health risks that can cause death, and also it causes people to spend unnecessary amounts of m oney. Cigarettes are temporary thing that makes you feel good for a while, but overall the long term affects are dangerous to your life.

C. Wright Mills and His Understanding of the Cold War/Wwiii

Yunlong Li November 11, 2012 C. Wright mill and His Understanding of the shabby war/WWIII Authors and historians suffer attempted to read what caused and perpetuated the Cold War for decades. Although it is not a primary answer with simple component reasons, this brief essay will seek to explain to the reader a few of the main reasons why the Cold War transpired as it did and what mechanisms kept it going. As a means of brain the Cold War, the originator of the essay has reviewed the writings of C.Wright submarine sandwich with relation to this topic as head as various different authors who have been cited and referenced in the downstairs analysis. Before delving into the subject matter and trying to understand what caused and perpetuated the Cold War, it is worth(predicate) first pointing out some of the situationually in crystallize information that surrounds many an(prenominal) usual approaches to the Cold War. The first, and perhaps most prominent of these faulty points of view, is that the Cold War was thrust upon the united States by a dangerous and too obstreperous Soviet amalgamation after the conclusion of land War II.This view is faulty receiv fit to the fact that both(prenominal) super authoritys that emerged after the abet World War were inherently distrustful of the other. Furthermore, it can be seen that the business leader structure that emerged upchuck both actors on a collision gradation with respect to the fact that the economic systems championed by both the linked States and the Soviet Union were inherently against one another.As such, it can be understood as a self-fulfilling prophecy that both sides would engender into remainder with each other (Goertzel 243). In this way, it can be understood that it was not either ineluctably the fact that the United States or the Soviet Union was actively aggressive that promised that the twain powers would come at odds with one another alternatively it was their inhere nt differences in political systems, ideology, economics, and the fact that they were both superpowers intent on dominating the reality system.Perhaps the most interesting idea that Mills retch forward was the idea of what ultimately kept the peace betwixt the United States and the Soviet Union during periods of extreme pressure and stress that occurred during the Cold War. Mills assumeed that a hierarchy of power elite were the true actors behind the scenes that worked to ensure a full confrontation between the two superpowers would never construe into an actuality (Marino 29). These power elite, as Mills called them, were the executive branch (president of the United States), top Pentagon multitude leaders, and the corporate rich. Although this view definitely bears some truth, the fact of the matter is that such an oversimplification does not factor in to sum up the key players in the Soviet Union that also sought to clutches the conflict from coming to a head to head con frontation. Mills goes on to maintain that one of the largest reasons that would precipitate World War III would be the fact that both sides were in such a dire state of preparedness for such a conflict.This particular view is interesting overdue to the fact that many authors have listed this preparation as one of the reasons that the two sides did not actually come to blows (Warner 174). Although hindsight is of manakin perfect, Mills seemed to believe that the affect of preparing for such a conflict would mean that the two sides would be odd with a type of self-fulfilling prophecy as soundly as a broad range of advanced weaponry which would guarantee that the two would come to blows in the form of a Third World War.More specifically, Mills dictum the advent of new weapons systems and the way in which the military industrial obscure continued to push for an escalation in the conflict as proof despotic that the momentum for all out war was definitely evident. Many authors c laim that Mills particular view of the way in which the Soviet Union and the United States would come into conflict as a result of the tensions created by the factors that have been listed was not the result of the fact that he truly believed this to be true but due to the fact that he was attempting to agitate political change within the United States.Mills, although a prolific writer and well known intellectual, was also a member of the movement known as the New Left. This particular movement subscribed to the view that the military and key elements of the power elite had entirely too much power over the way in which policy decisions were being make and the common man/electorate was less and less important in determining the afterlife of the nation.Accordingly, authors have attempted to show that rather than showing his true flummox on the Cold War and what might occur as a result of the political actions that were taking place at the time, Mills instead sought to create a move ment for change within the reliable political structure by engaging academics and intellectuals in realizing that the current course could only lead to conflict and destruction of all systems equally.Yet another tack together view states that the true allure and appeal of the Cold War was a solidifying effect for American and Soviet leaders. As they were able to symbolize to their people and electorates that an existential threat existed outside of their own system, they were able to educe levels of patriotism, belief, and economic efficiency/utility that would not have otherwise been able to be realized (Saull 1124).As a result of the fact that the leadership of both systems recognized and valued the importance that such a bi-polar view of the world effected on their populations, both sides were no doubt at least(prenominal) partially interested in keeping up the appearance of fulminant confrontation as a means to manage their people and film the overall efficiency of their economies. All of the guess work and alternate theories merit their place however, just because the theories of MAD and the deterrence that other strategic decisions that were made by both sides encouraged more level heads to prevail during this chilled conflict.Merely due to the fact that a theory is old and has been tested and measured thousands of times does not require that a new theory should be put in its place (Roberts 1476). Accordingly, although many of Mills points bear analysis, it would be premature and reckless to put these theories in place of the time-tested and proven theories that have for so long helped to define the logic of why the United States and Soviet Union were able to keep the peace between themselves during the turbulent historic period surround the Cold War.What is important to understand from the preceding analysis is not whether C Wright Mills or any other theorists were correct rather, understanding the different ways that these theorists and phil osophers/political intellectuals saw the interplay between these superpowers and the subsequent conflict or lack of conflict it predicted helps the researcher to both understand and appreciate the differing levels of thought that helped to nuance and mystify our current understanding of the conflict surrounding the Cold War.In this way, trying to prove or disprove C Wright Mills views with relation to whether or not he was ultimately correct in the way he categorized and defined unique developments between these two superpowers becomes of secondary importance to attempting to understanding the causal historical factors that helped to develop the world view he works to give to the reader. Works Cited Goertzel, Ted G. The Causes Of World War III Thirty Years Later. Sociological Forum 4. 2 (1989) 241. donnish Search Complete.Web. 7 Nov. 2012. Marino, Noel. The arms trade. Detroit Greenhaven Press, 2009. Roberts, Geoffrey. The Cold War As History. International personal business 8 7. 6 (2011) 1475-1484. Academic Search Complete. Web. 7 Nov. 2012. Saull, Richard. brotherly Conflict And The Global Cold War. International Affairs 87. 5 (2011) 1123-1140. Academic Search Complete. Web. 7 Nov. 2012. Warner, Geoffrey. The Cold War In Retrospect. International Affairs 87. 1 (2011) 173-184. Academic Search Complete. Web. 7 Nov. 2012.

Festival: Chinese New Year and Tangy Pineapple Tart Essay

Malaysia is a land known of its multicultural and the diversity of religions. As this country is made up of different races, the people of Malaysia inevitably celebrates a variety of festivals. To the Chinese, the most important festival is the Chinese New Year, which normally falls on the month of January or February. Before the festival, throngs of shoppers head for shops in search of mandarin oranges, new socio-economic class tit bits, new clothes, plants corresponding bamboos, money plants or little kumquat trees that bear the prosperous meaning. nearly families even get together to bake and prepare the new year delicacies like the yummy and tangy pineapple tart, almond cookies and so on. The Chinese in any case make it a point to settle all debts originally the new year begins as it symbolizes bad luck to bring forward-moving debts from the past.On the eve of the new year, family members get together for a particular(a) reunion dinner. Younger unmarried members of the fam ilies receive red packets containing money when they go around prognosticateing friends and sexual relations. The Muslims celebrate Hari Raya Puasa which marks the end of the Muslim month of fasting. The festival begins with prayers at the mosque early in the morning. Some people visit the cemetery to pray for family members who have departed. After that, there are visits to relatives house and feasts. The most popular udder during this time leave alone be the ketupat which is made from rice, chicken or beef rendang, a dish that is cooked with a lot of coconut milk.Green packets containing money will also be distributed during this festival. Deepavali or the festival of lights is celebrated by the Hindus. Homes of Hindus are embellish with little colorful lamps which symbolize the victory of good over evil. On this auspicious day, Hindus dress in new clothes will go to the temple in the morning to pray. Then, they either visit their friends or realize friends over to their home s for feast. These festivals of different races have opened up chances for Malaysians to know and generalize the cultures of others. This situation will definitely build up the spirit of agreement among the people in this fortunate land.

What, in your opinion, is the explanation for the events portrayed in Joan Lindsay’s “factional” novel Picnic at the hanging rock?

How does the author bring extinct(p), in her writing, a sense of crime and mystery? It will probably neer be fully explained what simply expireed at Picnic at temporary removal shake up but what we do know is that Marion Quade, Miranda and Miss McCraw were never frame not even until this genuinely day. Nevertheless, I do believe that thither argon some clues that could decrypt this inexplicable conundrum. Some of these I shall unravel in this essay.When I ideal reading Picnic at hanging rock , I was left field in a perplexing trance. Many possibilities occur to me, but the showtime clue I think is the sighting by Edith of the mathematics instructor Miss McCraw, wearing no skirt. Possibly, the girls and the maths teacher met up and perhaps took a short cut in fear they would be youthful back. More everyplace it has been mentioned several times in the intelligence and film how sonant it layabout be to rise lost(p) on the rock, and, as tell by Mrs Appleyard the vicinity is renowned for its venomous snakes and poisonous ants.On the black eye this unbosom doesnt explain why Miss McCraw was seen by Edith wearing no skirt, and why Irma was found one calendar week later wearing no corset. Maybe Miss McCraw followed the girls she did seem very certain of the directions to the rock. For instance, Miss McCraw verbalize You have only to change your route this by and bynoon and make by the third side. In this end, since we entered the road at Woodend at right angles the return journey shall be along the hypotenuse.However, if she had followed the girls, why didnt Albert Crundall or Michael Fitzhubert see her?On the other hand, is it possible that Edith Horton could have concocted her sighting of Miss McCraw, fair(a) to murder attention ? After all, Edith has been descri crinkle as greedy and unpleasant from the outsetI ate so much pie at lunch I can hardly keep awake.Although this doesnt explain the mysterious circumstances, and the rou te Irma was found one week later. So what can?There ar umteen implications in the book and the film of paranormal and supernatural goings on beyond our control. In the book and film, we get the public opinion of eeriness just as the gates open to the hanging rock. For exemplification,a flock of parrots flew out screeching from an overhanging tree.This metaphorically stand fors something deadly, implying that the parrots be trying to get absent from something. In addition, I notice the way in which the author implicates that the rock will lead to something pernicious. For instanceOut of the known dependable extradite and into the unknown future.This quote obviously represents the fact that what will happen on the rock will change the girls futures.Correspondingly fate is mentioned once more when it is hinted that what is going to happen on the rock is their destiny. It is as if people are conscious that something is going to happen on the rock. I get this impression from whe n Irma says Miranda used to say everything begins and ends at exactly the right time and shopping centre.The sinister force is practically tangible at the rock, and this is clearly shown by the author. This is felt strongly by Edith as she walks with the other girls,It is nasty hereI never popular opinion it would be so nasty or I wouldnt have come.Furthermore I notice Miranda is cryptically described as a Botticelli angel, swan and gliding legion(predicate) times. Is it equivalently that Miranda is more than she appears? Is it possible some magical force took over the rock? It seems to be more than a coincidence that everyones watch had been cryptically forgotten or had stopped perhaps time had stopped altogether. Its as if that something malicious was luring the girls to the rock. This could also explain why Irma was found one week later as she could have been put under a spell. Moreover, in the film we are shown Miranda, Irma and Marion gliding up the rock however, later o n in the film we see someone staggering up the rock, which about defies the law of physics.On the other hand, what if it wasnt necessarily something magical luring them to the rock after all the rock is a sacred place and aboriginals could have been wild by the way in which the girls walked over it. After all, there are such things hinted Like the beating of far off drums.Perhaps these drums were those of Aboriginals. We shall never know. Although, this could explain why Irmas nails were so badly torn and broken maybe this was caused in confrontation with the attacker as well as world hit on the head. But what happened to the shoes, stockings and corset? Maybe the attacker found them and took them away, to keep as a souvenir of his catch.Moreover we are still left in confusion about the death of Sara Waybourne. However I am deeply suspicious about Mrs Appleyard. Her treatment of Sara Waybourne, whom she dis akins intensely, is sadistic in its cruelty. We get this impression f rom the start, by the way she forbids Sara to go to the picnic, for instance I am afraid I will have to send you to bed instead of sitting up until the others return for supper after the picnic.This evil fails to be identified by the people around Mrs Appleyard, until near the end. white perch de Poitiers, was surprised upon the fact that Mrs Appleyards expression was like an evil wind when the playing field of Saras disappearance was brought up.In addition, Mrs Appleyard was supposed to have helped pack the most important of Saras keeping into a basket, but after Sara had allegedly left, a little basket was seen in the study It flew open and the small covered basket fell out on to the floor.This obviously indicates that Mrs Appleyard is hiding something about Sara .Furthermore why did Mrs Appleyard apparently witness Sara Leaving? When Sara Waybourne was found dead, why did Mrs Appleyard go into Saras bedroom? To contain evidence? Or is it just a coincidence that Mrs Appleya rd committed self-destruction soon after this occurrence? No. The evidence on this case all points towards Mrs Appleyard murdering Sara however much you look into it.In order to get the reader to understand the full meaning of Picnic at hanging rock the author needs to create an atmosphere. The author brings out the dread and mystery in many ways one excellent example of this is Similes and metaphors. After she returns from the rock, Joan Lindsay creates a high level of wildness in the lyceum the atmosphere is almost unbearable. For exampleEdiths great head was nodding like a mandarins, The ceiling opening up like a gush and chamber of horrors.The effect of this is the tension is being built up to becharm the readers attention to what is happening. Moreover, another immensely exhilarating use of language is the sentient being imagery used in this scene. For instance Hyena call of hysteria, claw like hands, fourteen pairs of eyes like hares in cages, sniffing like a terrier, tear her to pieces, a cavernous mouth love feast, a tuft of scarlet feathers trembled, warm sour breath and drooling knife. The effect of using animal imagery is so the reader can metaphorically relate to something in comparison to what is actually happening. This helps create curse throughout the scene and make us feel as if the book has come to life.In addition I also must imply the use of colors throughout this scene. For example black sage boxers, black cotton stockings, scarlet cloak and grey disciplines. As many of us know, black and grey often symbolises death and ominous circumstances, and these colours have not been used for no reason. However, scarlet is perhaps used to symbolise blood and it also may be used to represent intimate passion and loss of innocence. Whatever happened on the rock has changed Irma forever. Although we must be aware of the fact that the author could be twisting things around to collar the readers attention.When I started writing this essay I was convinced that the missing girls had been lost and looking for a short cut back , however having thought through my theory, I now see this is not possible, as if it was uncoiled how come Irma appeared one week later? My verdict on this is that it shall never be solved. Too much time has gone by, and the protagonists are dead. So, like many other mysteries this puzzle shall remain unanswered.

My Priorities

Daniela Resendez Carolyn S. Smith English-1301-52 10/02/2012 My Priorities Wowork force and men take on different sets of priorities. Because men have always cared more astir(predicate) materialistic objects, their priorities are different from those of women. Most women are more schmalzy therefore, their priorities are humanistic. Since I am a woman, my priorities are humanistic. My three primary(prenominal) priorities in life are my family, immortal and my friends. My set-back priority is my family.I cannot conceive of a person that has something or someone else as a first priority basically, my family is the most important thing in my life. The love of the family is unconditional. I always feel support with them, and I know I leave behind never feel homeless with them by my side. After all, they are the volume with whom an exclusive will treat the great moments of life. My second priority is matinee idol. I know that many people do not consider him a priority, maybe be cause they do not believe in something bigger than them.But, my opinion is different, I am never outlet to be alone and I am always going to feel hope. Belief in God is not only by words, but by actions. An action that proves individual belief is going to church. I used to go to church since I was a child. It was there that I learned about the good and ill things in the world. Finally, My friends are my third priority. Like family, is impossible not to have our friends in our priorities. Because with them there is always that loyalty that unites us, we are always going to find a family in them.We can chide with our friends the way we talk with our mother or sister, and sometimes we can have more charge in them. We share funny moments, with our friends, which are very important in our lives. Because those moments are unforgettable, friends are a priority. We party with them the way we cannot with our family, thus we share the most important secrets. In conclusion, my priorities have always given me stability, hopefulness and happiness. My family, God and my friends are my three main priorities and that is how I have managed to accomplish my goals.

Abortion should only be used to empower women Essay

Dear Chris Christie,The advocates of stillbirth on demand wrongly assume two things that women must suffer if the lives of unborn children are licitly protected and that women can only attain imp identification numberity by having the court-ordered option of destroying their innocent offspring in the womb.(Casey). Abortion is a effective common figure out in almost most countries, wind instrumenting to an portend of 2 meg destroyed unborn babies. Although abortion seems like an equal fair right hand towards women, murder isnt an equal right to incubate or granted to a reliable gender. As of the law, it is illegal to trust a crime of harm or death to a benignant being (murder). Robert Casey is toilsome to say that abortion shouldnt be viewed as a positive right. Abortion officially started in the late 1800s, women healers in Europe and the U.S. Provided abortions and trained other women to follow along with this same act (Reproductive Health).Now, abortion is still tak en action and is in some cases c% legal without any strict rules/cases. In this case, abortion should be purely looked after, yet legal for medical emergencies. The fetus shouldnt be harmed further available to put up for adoption.Before delving deeper into the history of abortion, it is important to just now look at the fact of its existence and participants in the United States. tally to studies released in 2005 by the Physicians for Reproductive Choice and Health (PRCH) and The Guttmacher Institute, in that location were 1.29 million abortions performed in this country. Research by the same group shows that in 1994, around half(prenominal) of all pregnancies in the United States were unintended, with only about half of those actually ending in abortion. In comparison to other countries, the U.S. accounted for troika percent of worldwide abortions in 1995 (PRCH and Guttmacher). With that said, the political history of abortion has been a bit scary and the position that the Supreme Court takes on abortion 100% influences the issue.Although, with the many performances of abortion there leads to ongoing reasons for the pro choices of this action. From the taper of view of many benignants, findings sacrificeuhumans everyday lives and gives us the right to independence. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day OConnor wrote in the 1992 decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey, The ability of women to participate equally in the economic and social life of the Nation has been facilitated by their ability to dominate their reproductive lives. (OConnor). From this point of view, because women are now financial to equality in the U.S, having the right to control their cause bodies is an improvement to the ranking of fair discourse and the act of fitting into societys social and economic requirements. Therefore, there is an automatic option for women with the struggling fetus issues. Not only does this emolument their rights, that it puts their privacy in c ontrol. The Constitution gives a guarantee of certain areas or z unitys of privacy, and that this right of privacy is broad enough to encompass a womanhoods decision whether or not to terminate her gestation period (The 7-2 decision). This gives women the advantage of safe privacy, in which their business is only open to them and/or their partner. The government cannot and should not control a womans fetus and if so, this ordain Outdo the exact purpose of the 7-2 decision. Not only that but, but abortion can be a salutary decision to hinder financial future conflicts. Many couples fag outt drop the resources, dont have the emotional stamina, dont have the family backup to raise a child with disabilities. As of the United States, 1 one million million million babies have been bored with a disability. (UOP Student) .Going through the anguish of raising a baby without the advantage of fair money (for medication), family support, or strong aim towards the child isnt worth rai sing an offspring. In which, whitethorn lead to the option of abortion.However, there are many serious outcomes and effects that make abortion a strict case. From sources of doctors and professional professors, abortion leads to health risks involving serious amounts of pain. Doctors who perform abortions at this stage of pregnancy -a rarity, according to a 2012 Italy by the Centers for Disease control and prevention- must provide Anesthetic or analgetic to alleviate organic pain to the unborn child. It also requires doctors to tell women that square(p) medical evidence shows that a 20-week fetus may feel pain during an abortion.(USA law). Babies may come to a chance of experience of pain, resulting in an act of murder. Based on the government, murder is viewed as a crime, so abortion should be considered as an illegal practice. Not only does this affect the fetus itself, but itll result in health issues towards the actual human carrying the fetus. virtually 10 percent of women u ndergoing induced abortion suffer from immediate complications, of which one fifth was considered major. Many women who had an abortion state that they went through these types of physical and moral complications of abortion (Elliot Institute). Abortion can lead to lack of healthy kind states and may even cause serious important health risks. This will vastly impact the lives of these women in a negative way and may lead to a reduced lifespan. Lastly, the act of abortion affects a womans happiness. This lowers the chance of adoption rates. According to the U.S department of health and human services, as the result of lack of women putting their children up for adoption, The number of baby US adoptions dropped from about 90,000 in 1971 to 18,000 in 2007. Around 3.6 million women were trying to adopt children as on 2002 . (USDHHS). Due to abortion, there were and still are, fewer chances of other families with the abilities to have a child and becoming parents. The rates of women in want of children are outrageous while the rate of orphans is accurate but has drastically dropped. So far, Mothers are throwing away their opportunities of life and arent creating a positive perspective.In conclusion, abortion is supportive of a womens rights and own decisions but does lead to health risks and blocking the ability of a unusual treasure. Therefore, abortion needs to be strictly looked after and MOSTLY utilise for important serious issues. But a Woman should ALWAYS have full privilege over their bodies.Works CitedAbortion ProCon.org. ProConorg Headlines. Web. 30 whitethorn 2017.Pros and Cons of Abortion. HealthGuidance.org. Web. 30 May 2017.query. InstaGrok. Web. 30 May 2017.CONDADO, ANAKAREN. Abortion Pros and Cons. DiginetXpress. N.p., 15 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 May 2017.

Barriers to entry Essay

Monopoly, also known as a monopoly seller, selling alone, max, generally refers altogether to one or more sellers in the market, through one or more stages, in the face of competitive consumer and monopsony opposite. Monopoly on the market, can freely adjust the price and yield (not simultaneously adjust). Monopoly can be legitimately exclusive privilege to control sources of supply, or together or lam together to achieve the behavior of enterprises. 1China since ancient times called monopoly to shock 2. Ancient Chinese salt, iron, tea pose long a monopoly of the government-run, because there it is profiteering, the country once the financial crisis, to subsidize the country with a neglect of implementation of the ban inevitable knock system.Generally believed that the basic cause of monopoly is barriers to entry, that is, a monopolist can maintain sole seller of its face in the market, because the other companies can not enter the market and compete. at that place are thr ee causes of monopolyNatural monopolies (natural monopoly) cost of production make a single producer more efficient than a large bet of producers. This is the most common form of monopoly. Resources monopoly a business owned by a key resource (such as wireless TV nickname industry citation needed). Administrative monopoly Government to give a firm the exclusive production of a product or service rights (public franchise). There are also self-monopolized by the government, known as the monopoly.

The Phenomenon of Human Trafficking

Table of contents 1. Introduction2 2. commentary of Key equipment casualty2 2. 1. Human trafficking2 2. 2. Victim2 3. Victims of benevolent trafficking3 4. Trends in clement trafficking3 5. Ca hires of clement trafficking4 5. 1. meagreness and desire for break proscribed life of exploited dupes4 5. 2. Corruption and the ab determination of influence4 5. 3. amply meshing and Low risk. 5 6. Recruitment strategies for forgiving trafficking dupes6 6. 1. Being innate(p) in to slavery6 6. 2. implement of force6 6. 3. Fraud6 6. 4. Coercion7 7. SEVERE FORMS OF TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS8 7. 1. agitate Trafficking8 8. Pr planetion of trafficking in manhood8 . 1. Economic alternatives to prevent and deter trafficking8 8. 2. Public a state of fightgonness and in pathation9 8. 3. protective covering and c argon for victims of trafficking9 9. Case bushel10 9 held for mankind trafficking News 2410 10. Conclusion11 11. References12 Introduction The phenomenon of human trafficking or modern-day slavery has received increased media coverage glob each(prenominal)y this is because millions of peck somewhat the world suffer in silence under slave-like conditions of strained labour and commercial get darkual exploitation from which they evokenot free themselves.Human trafficking not only continues but appears to be on the rise worldwide creaseally because most countries be involved in human trafficking to several(prenominal) achievement, either as a place of levyment, transit or the reference for trafficked individuals. This strive addresses the phenomenon of human trafficking as a form of victimisation and ordain look at up ones mind key concepts, identify and discuss victims of human trafficking and its trends. The discussion will press on look in to the causes of vulnerability to trafficking, reasons for trafficking, strategies for recruiting trafficked raft and the responses or courses of action to quash human trafficking.A case study of re cent trafficking issue will overly be provided to show the reality of the problem and lastly the finale will sum up the discussion in a nutshell. Definition of Key terms 1 Human trafficking Hodge and Lietz (2007 163) explain that human trafficking involves the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of people, by the use of force, threat or azoic(a) forms of coercion, filchion, fraud, and deception. It similarly includes the abuse of power and position by giving or receiving payments to get the consent of a person having control over an new(prenominal) person, for the offer of exploitation.Exploitation as explained by Hodge and Lietz (2007 163) include strained prostitution and other forms of sexual exploitation, force labour and services, servitude and the involuntary removal of organs. The United Nations ability on Drugs and Crime explain human trafficking as an act of recruiting, transporting, transferring, harbouring or receiving a person through and through and through a use of force, coercion or other means, for the role of exploiting them (UNODC, 2010). 2 Victim match to Howley and Dorris (2007 229) victims are persons who deem suffered aggrieve, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering including grief, scotch red and/or substantial impairment of rights accorded them by the state law through acts or omissions that are in violation of the criminal law direct in the territory. Victims of human trafficking Winterdyk and Reichel (2010 5) states that human traffickers tend to victimize the most conquerable of the global community consisting mostly vernal women and children and to a certain extent men.According to Winterdyk and Reichel (2010 5) victims live in dreaded, brutal circumstances behind a wall of secrecy and deception and the victims are often sick due(p) to physical and psychological trauma they go across peculiarly when they try to escape. Bales (2004 56) only elaborates that trafficker s instil trauma through a sense of terror and attendlessness and by destroying the victims sense of self. Perpetrators also threaten death and serious harm against victims and their families, they also isolate their victims from sources of reading and emotional support where they lot get help (Bales, 2004 56).An explanation by Fichtelberg (2008 151) clearly states that victims of human trafficking are forced into sex trade industry which includes prostitution, pornography, sex tourism, strip dancing, live-sex shows, servile marriages or outlawed labour markets such as sweatshops, farm dissemble, domestic progress to , industrial go bad, begging, child exchangeiers, participating in hatred or other activities they did not agree to engage in.Fichtelberg (2008 152) nevertheless elaborates that victims are often invisible as they are often isolated from their family members and other members of their ethnic and spectral community and therefore unable to speak the local lan guage and unfamiliar with(predicate) with the culture. Victims may not self-identify themselves as victims of human trafficking due to need of intimacy about the criminal justice system of the host country, fright of retribution against themselves and their families by traffickers, fear of accusation in spite of appearance their families, post traumatic distort disorder and stigma (Fichtelberg, 2008 152).Trends in human trafficking According to Hodge & Lietz (2007 163) determining the shape of individuals who are trafficked is difficult due to high levels of secrecy and corruption within the human trafficking industry. Furthermore, victims are often hesitant to share their palpates due to fear of reprisals and as a guide estimates of the prevalence of trafficking contribute varied considerably.Hodge & Lietz (2007163) further states that approximately 600,000 to 800,000 people are trafficked across international borders annually, of which 70- 80% are female and approxima tely 50% are children. Among all females, approximately 70% are trafficked for prostitution and other forms of sexual exploitation, while the remaining are males trafficked for forced labour and performing criminal activities for their traffickers (Hodge & Lietz, 2007163).Causes of human trafficking 1 mendicancy and desire for better life of exploited victims According to Logan, Walker and die hard (2009 10) impoverishment is one most important factor in comme il faut a target of human trafficking because the poverty that the trafficked immigrants experience in their countries of origin is too extreme that it threatens even basic survival, thus making them unprotected to any(prenominal) promises of better livelihood.Logan, Walker and Hunt (2009 10) further elaborates that vulnerability to trafficking is on the rise due to a mix of poverty and high levels of community density, infant mortality rate, children teener than 14, civil unrest and violence, cultural bankers acceptan ce of trafficking and lower levels of food security in those poverty stricken nations.In addition, Logan, Walker and Hunt (2009 10) explain that impoverished people often indirect request to go to stable and wealthy countries like America for a better life then criminals use their dreams against them and put them into trafficking as they are desperate and willing to accept any opportunity to better their livelihood and help their family members who are also struggling. Corruption and the abuse of influence Surtees (200849) explains that corruption of establishment authorities including politicians, state soundaries, law enforcement officers and immigration officials play a diminutive role in the operation of human trafficking networks and allows trafficking to continue from, through, and within their countries.Surtees (200849) further elaborates that these corrupt officials supports trafficking in many ways through document falsification, il reasoned border crossings, overlookin g prostitution venues in identifying victims, com lustrous criminal investigations, inadequacy of investigation and judges dismissing cases or imposing stripped sanctions against international human trafficking networks. Lehti and Aromaa (2007 125) also states that just about individuals within international organized evil syndicates are current or former officials and use their position and/or experience to support criminal ventures.Former members of security agencies, for example, are able to trust their security experience (which includes intimidation and torture) with high-level connections to political, professional and law enforcement agencies, allowing them to function with impunity by hiring legal and business experts as intermediaries or brokers through which they recruit people for trafficking (Lehti and Aromaa, 2007 125). 3 High profits and Low risk. According to the U.S Department of State (2004) human trafficking is the third most profitable form of international o rganised crime after narcotics and arms sales. According to this compensate the sale of trafficked people is generating massive profits for traffickers because unlike narcotics and arms, which are change once, people who are sold into prostitution and involuntary servitude earn profits continually, year after year, for their exploiters while victims get minimal wages or basically nothing due to debt bondage imposed to them by traffickers (U. S Department of State, 2004).In addition to high profits, Hodge & Lietz (2007 166) explains that the risks associated with trafficking are quite minimal because prostitution is legal in many places like Germany and Netherlands therefore complicating efforts to tuck away traffickers. Hodge & Lietz (2007 166) further elaborates that even in countries where prostitution is clearly illegal, traffickers often go unpunished for their crimes because cases regularly fall apart due to lack of auspices for witnesses, family involvement in the traffick ing activity and fear of deportation.Furthermore, enforcement efforts normally focus on the women instead of the exploiters, consequently people often attempt to remain overlooked for fear of being charged, particularly if they are trafficked internationally (Hodge & Lietz, 2007 166). Recruitment strategies for human trafficking victims A study by Skinner (2008 131) states that people are trafficked in three main ways which include being innate(p) into slavery, use of force i. e. eing kidnapped, sold, or physically forced and by fraud or being tricked. 1 Being born in to slavery According to Skinner (2008 131) in some countries families may be permanent servants because they were born into it. This is chiefly because their families may have been slaves or in debt bondage literally for generations and when they bear children they are automatically under the same circumstances and may be sold to whoever is involved in the human trafficking business. 2 Use of forceSkinner (2008 131) contends that in some countries children are literally sold into slavery out of their will by parents or other caregivers mainly because of the economic situations of the families. Skinner (2008 131) further states that victims are then raped, beaten, intimidated, tortured and hold so as to control them after they have being sold. exclamatory violence as explained by Skinner (2008 131) is used especially during the early constitutes of victimisation, known as the seasoning process, which is used to break the victims resistance so as to make them easier to control.In some cases, Skinner (2008 131) states that people who are often approached to work in the sex industry often refuse and traffickers may kidnap or abduct such individuals and smuggle them to the country of destination to work as slaves or sold to other traffickers. 3 Fraud Hyland (2001 31) states that traffickers use seemingly decriminalize organizations to recruit young women and children in to trafficking situations . This often involves the use of false advertisements promising desperate people a better life in another, usually richer, nation that offers jobs to work as waitresses, maids, landscapers and dancers.In other cases, Hyland (2001 31) explain that women who work in nightclubs may be approached and promised much higher earnings for doing akin work in wealthier nations only to find that they will be forced in to prostitution and sex related exploitations. According to Hyland (2001 31) some victims may be made to sign false contracts to make the whole experience seem even more legitimate, and some measures psychologically binding them even more to the trafficker to erase any suspicions from the victim.Hyland (2001 32) further states that in some instances, victims are approached by individuals known to their families in their home countries who invite them to acclaim along with them for a job offer but only conduct them into trafficking situations where are often subjected to debt-bo ndage, usually in the context of paying off transportation fees into the destination countries. 4 Coercion According to the Trafficking Victims Protection function (2000), traffickers often make representations to their victims that physical harm may occur to them or others should the victim escape or attempt to escape.Such representations can have coercive effects on victims as direct threats to inflict such harm may cause victims to live in fear and catch hopeless and hence easy to control. Coercion as explained by the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (2000) means threats of serious harm to or physical control condition of any person, it also includes any scheme, plan, or pattern intended to make a person to believe that failure to perform an act would result in serious harm to or physical restraint against any person or the abuse or threatened abuse of the legal processSEVERE FORMS OF TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS According to the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (2000), grim fo rms of trafficking in persons involves sex trafficking in which a commercial sex work is imposed on someone by the use of force, fraud, or coercion. It also includes recruitment, harbouring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labour or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. Sex Trafficking According to Hodge & Lietz (2007 165) sex trafficking means the recruitment, harbouring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex. Hodge & Lietz (2007 165) further states that sex trafficking is no longer primarily localized in one geographic region but has increasingly become a transnational and a global problem. For example, a young girl may be recruited in Botswana, sold and trained in Italy, with the United States being the ultimate destination.Moreover, Hodge & Lietz (2007 165) states that traffickers primarily target yo ung women and girls, who are disproportionately affected by poverty, the lack of access to education, chronic unemployment, discrimination, and the lack of economic opportunities in countries of origin. According to Hodge & Lietz (2007 165) most trafficking victims originate in Asia, Africa, easterly Europe and to a lesser extent, Latin America while destination countries tend to be wealthy nations like America in which deep sex industries like pornography exist or where prostitution is legalized or broadly tolerated as in the case of Germany and Netherlands.Prevention of trafficking in humans 1 Economic alternatives to prevent and deter trafficking According to Beyrer (2001 547) states that initiatives to enhance economic opportunities for authorization victims of trafficking can be used as a rule to deter trafficking since the traffickers often target people who live in poverty in the promise for better livelihood. Such initiatives may include microcredit modify programs, trai ning in business development, skills training, and job counselling.Other alternatives as declared by Beyrer (2001 547) are the provision of grants to nongovernmental organizations that can help to accelerate and ascending the political, economic, social, and educational roles and capacities of women in their countries. Furthermore, countries should initiate programs that promote womens participation in economic decision which can help to empower women economically as they appear to be the primary target and most vulnerable to human trafficking (Beyrer, 2001 547). 2 Public awareness and informationBeyrer (2001 548) states that countries should establish and carry out programs to increase public awareness on human trafficking particularly among potential victims about the dangers of trafficking and the protections that are available for them. Beyrer (2001 548) further elaborates that governments should initiate programs to keep children, especially girls, in schools to reduce vulnera bility at an early age and to meliorate persons who have been victims of trafficking. Moreover the development of educational curricula covering issues of human trafficking can also help to create awareness at an early stage Beyrer (2001 548). Protection and assistance for victims of trafficking According to Beyrer (2001 549) victim protection begins when a victim is rescued and reunited with their family and continues when they are assisted to rebuild their lives. It may include charge victims safe from threat, violence and abuse, counselling, help with income generation, education and vocational training. Beyrer (2001 549) further states that pursuit of traffickers ensures the victim receives full justice, including meaningful prosecution of the perpetrator.It requires vigorous law enforcement, fight corruption, identifying and monitoring trafficking routes, and cross-border coordination. Moreover, Beyrer (2001 549) further states that protection and assistance of victims can be achieved through policies or framework including government and NGO guiding principles, plans and strategies, which support all of the anti-trafficking initiatives that assist victims. Case study 9 held for human trafficking News 24 Ermelo Nine Nigerian men arrested for alleged human trafficking have appeared in the Ermelo Magistrates Court, Mpumalanga guard verbalise on Tuesday.Captain Leonard Hlathi said the men appeared in court on Friday, and their case was postponed to April 16 for a bail application. He said it was alleged that the men forcefully took a number of women from close to the country to Ermelo, where they were forced into prostitution. They were given R30 a day for food, and from time to time they were forced to take drugs to ensure they remained addicts. The 12 women, between the ages of 18 and 30, told the police the men took all their earnings and they were not paid for the jobs that they were doing. Home affairs officials confirmed that the suspects appl ied for asylum in South Africa, and according to the information in their application forms, they do not qualify for asylum. He said they were being charged under the Sexual Offences Act and for kidnapping. These men can consider themselves a bit lucky as human trafficking laws are in the process of being legislated. These acts of the suspects were exactly equivalent to human trafficking. initiation news24. com The above case study reflects on the reality of the problem of human trafficking in South Africa as it the case in all countries around the world.According to the case study it is evident that traffickers target mostly young women who are more vulnerable and defenceless. As already discussed trafficking is a preserve by huge profits due to exploitation of the victims, the case study further support that statement as it states that the victims were given only a little amount enough to buy food and the profit they make from forced prostitution goes to the perpetrators. Conc lusion In conclusion, women, children and people in popular are not property to be bought and sold, used and discarded.Rather, they are human beings with certain fundamental human rights that prevent them from being sold into slavery. large number should therefore know their rights and exercise them and countries should unite and cooperate in the war against human trafficking because it is a very complicated problem that cannot be solved by one country as it is a multinational crime involving highly organised crime syndicates. Citizens should also assist in the war against human trafficking by avoiding flashy job opportunities which often offer unrealistic rewards.At last people should also report suspicious cases of trafficking as this victims often work in public places including restaurants, hotels and massage parlours. References Bales, K. , (2004). Disposable people New slavery in the global economy. Berkeley, CA University of California straighten out Beyrer, C. (2001). Sha n women and girls and the sex industry in Southeast Asia Political causes and human rights implications. diary of companionable Science and Medicine. Vol. 53. (6). Pp. 543550. Fichtelberg, A. (2008). Crime without borders An introduction to international criminal justice. speed Saddle River, NJ PearsonHodge . R. & Lietz . C. A (2007). The International Sexual Trafficking of Women and Children . ledger of Women and Social Work. Vol. 22 (2). Pp. 163-174. Howley, S. , & Dorris, C. (2007). Legal rights for crime victims in the criminal justice system. (3rd ed. , constant of gravitation Oaks, CA Sage. Hyland, K. (2001). Protecting human victims of trafficking An American framework. Berkeley Womens Law Journal. Vol. 16 (3). Pp. 29-71. Lehti, M. , & Aromaa, K. (2007). Trafficking in humans for sexual exploitation in Europe. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice. vol. 31 (7).Pp. 12345. Logan. T. K. , Walker . R. & Hunt . G. (2009). thought Human Trafficking in the United States. Trauma Violence Abuse. vol. 10. (1). Pp. 3-30 Skinner, E. B. (2008). A crime so monstrous Face-to-face with modern-day slavery. New York Free imperativeness Trafficking Victims Protection Act (2000), Human trafficking. ( uniform resource locator accessed 21 march 2010) http//www. state. gov/g/ fish/rls/tiprpt/2007/86205. html United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2010). Human trafficking. URL (accessed 20 March 2010) http//www. unodc. org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking. html

Creationism vs. Evolution

Since high school, I stick out been on something of an mental and spiritual journey from what I was told to apprehensionualise to what I believe for myself. It wasnt until deep that I wee-wee finally started to become comfortable with what I do and do not accept as the truth regarding the origins of our existence present on this planet. I grew up in a diverse Christian home my mothers side ar devout Roman Catholics and my Fathers Lutheran. I was increase Catholic and we went to mass religiously (no pun intended) every Sunday and my mamma said my Hail Marys with me every night before bed.The existence of perfection and His role in our lives was not even a question. From in that respect, I went to a Christian pre-school, a Catholic kindergarten and grade school, and and so a privet Catholic all-girls academy. In High School, phylogeny was barely talked virtually unless you were taking a class specifically related to it (or maybe it was precisely I tended to minify in to a coma during science related lectures) and in primary school, it wasnt talked about at all.My get down is what my mother equals to call a holy gyre he is a starch Fundamentalist Christian and a Young-Earth Creationist who believes that the rule book is fact and not to be interpreted in any fashion other than literally. I provide remember him talking about the evils of evolution and how it was impossible for monkeys to still exist if we evolved from them. He said that the evolutionary possible action was just that a theory and not fact like the bible. My father is an pas boobg intelligent man who reads and researches his beliefs simply he is blindly religious.My high school was an extremely intellectually nurturing environment. When I started religion classes there, while there was some bias, I got to hear other heaps points of view and beliefs which helped me to start computation out what it was that I truly believed. It was through these classes that I met some girl s who happened to be atheists. I had no idea that the general consensus among those girls was that all religious people were un-intellectual and unintelligent because of Young-Earth Creationist. It was during this time that I started read about the subject and I read a lot.I read a book by a Christian astronomer named Hugh Ross, an Old-Earth Creationist who believes that the first few chapters of the Book of genesis are not a literal portrayal of actual events but rather, Gods revelation of the public of events to the writer of Genesis. I thoroughly enjoyed the book but I promised my father I would at least give some Young-Earth Creationist views a chance. My dad gave me two books unrivaled by Henry Morris and one by Ken Ham (the author of the assigned article. ) I was unimpressed by Henry Morriss book as I found it extremely tangental and rambling.I then moved on the Ken Hams book, called The Answeres Book The 20 Most-Asked Questions about Creation, Evolution, and the Book of Ge nesis Answered I was actually appalled because essentially, he said that a person who does not believe in Young-Earth Creationism is not a Christian because they dont believe the Bible. This was extremely disturbing to me because most of his comments passim the book and on his website Answers In Genesis/ mission were extremely bigoted and even at times abusive towards scientific community as a whole.How could it be possible that the same PhDs and other teachers from whom I was discipline all be deceptive liars? I think thats why I had such a problem reading and accepting this article to be anything other than bullshit. True, he is not spouting any of his holier than thou vagabond in this particular piece but because I know and have read his other works I know he is act to sell something his own small-minded one-sided view of the world. The truth of the offspring is that evolution is not anti-Biblical. I know that the Earth and the universe are both old.I know that life itself is old, we have scientific test copy of it, but the question for me remained how exactly did life begin and develop. The Biblical creation story is clear God created everything from the very beginning. How it progressed from there is not specifically spelled out. I have come to believe through reading, research, and soul-searching that evolution is the best and most plausible explanation for the overture of life on this planet. When my father was learning about evolution, it was discussed in terms of long-term tardy changes facilitated by natural selection.It had now been found that the process can be sped up by natural selection and other genetic processes. all over time, evolution has become better supported through tireless research. I think Evolution is easy enough to digest for people like my mother until it gets to the issue of monkeys. Whenever that subject is brought up it gets uncomfortable because she doesnt want to believe that we, Gods handmade mini-mes, originated f rom, to quote the immortal line from the movie Planet of the Apes, horseshit dirty apes.The idea that God hand-made each and every one of us from scratch is an easier pill to swallow for most Christians. I feel that biological evolution is a beautiful and reasonable explanation for the physical progression from apes to humans but it lacks a spiritual explanation. My Grandmom always said to me that she never fully believed in God until she was in the room when someone died. You can see all the life the intelligence, the love, everything they were in life completely give out from them and all thats left is an empty vessel.I never thought Id have an experience like that until my Grandmom passed away in her sleep last March. I saw everything she described happen right before my eyes and it was then that I realized that there had to be something, some supernatural shot to humans that no other animal possesses. When I saw her cunning in the casket, it was no longer my Grandmom but the shell of the beautiful and heterogeneous person she once was. Whether you want to call it a soul, Gods breath of life, or his image and likeness we are different and not just in our linguistic skills.It is clear to me that God chose us to be His children and to love Him perpetually but how or why he chose to differentiate us from the ride out of the primates is still unclear to me. I have come to go back that my thoughts and beliefs align with what is called Theistic Evolutionism or Evolutionary Creationism. Theistic Evolution is the concept that classical religious teachings are compatible with modern scientific mind about biological evolution.Because I found this concept that fully aline with my beliefs, I have never been more firm in my confidence or more sure of my belief in God and rescuer Christ. I believe that God sent Jesus to cleanse me of my sin and I believe that He loves me. I believe that He hears my prayers and answers them and I believe that God did create th e universe and everything in it but he chose to do it in a ways that we, his children, can study scientifically so we can better understand Him and His plan for us.

Gender, Race and Class

Disability is the condition of inability to perform any caper or activity due to the presence of any physical or mental disability. Disabilities that are found in the bodily parts of a person apart from any some other mental or mental problem are called Physical disabilities. Such disabilities include inability to speak, walk, see, hear, or write (ArticleDoctor, 2009). Mental disabilities involve the inability or abnormality in the intellectual process or oral sex of a person, or anything that relates to the mind or cognition.Such disabilities include the incapability to think properly, inability to understand others emotions or talks, and mental retardation. Whereas, learning disabilities are those in which the cognitive functioning of a person doesnt work up to the seagull for the purpose of learning and acquiring skills. This may also include the inability of building up of tacit knowledge. In such case, whatever is taught to an one-on-one is not understood, learned, or ret ained by him. Now lets discuss how and why such disabilities are found in world beings.First, genetic disability is the one that is transferred to a person through his or her parents. In such case, the genes that are found in a woman, for good example inability to hear, are usually transferred to the child. Congenital disability is the one that exists at birth and not hereditary. This may be caused due to some happening of problem in the development of fetus. Whereas disability that is transferred to a person from the environs or other people, is called acquired disability.

India and Pakistan: Most Different Systems

It is a cardinal truth that whizz of the most important factors in the governmental environment of the Asiatic region is the family relationship between India and Pakistan. The g overnance analysis with regard to India and Pakistan is a most interesting affair for an self-evident reason. It shows how a people who had lived together for centuries can d happy chance apart on communal question. Not only that, it also shows that due to differences in political culture the dickens states have, in spite of an equal start, chosen ii divergent right smarts.As such, their fundamental differences have catch clearly circumpolar and practic completelyy speaking, it is very difficult, if not insurmount equal to(p) to bridge the gulf. Particularly, their conflict has, in the meanwhile, turned this Asiatic region into a storm centre which whitethorn at any time trigger off a atomic holocaust. Above all, this political tension has merged with global government activity and, hence, the riddle has become more acute.Before August 15, 1947, India was a unified state. The two dominions India and Pakistan came into being as separate states on that very day as a result of communal frenzy and blood-strained riots. It is a significant fact that the British rule was introduced in India by overthrowing the Muslim rulers and, hence, the Muslim companionship had a bitter hatred of the British. This hatred in brief turned into an rancor with the western culture as tumesce as their science and literature. and the Hindus accepted English and, thus, soon they were acquainted with the western culture and their thoughts oddly the concepts of liberty.As such, political consciousness grew up rapidly and in 1885, the carnal knowledge came into being as a national organization for political agitation. though it was a secular entity and many Muslims joined it with a genuine eagerness, whatsoever Muslim leaders dubbed it as a Hindu organization and Sayid Ahmed, in particular, taught the Muslims that their interests were antithetical and even at cross purposes. Thus, a counter try came to the fore, swearing loyalty to the British. The British also pulled strings behind the panorama (De, 103). In this way, the British authorities pursued the Divide and Rule indemnity for its own interests and, thus, the gulf began to enlarge.With the British encouragement, the Muslim League was formed in 1906 for acting as a counterpoise for the copulation. Lord Dufferin, the Viceroy, once detect that fifty millions of men were themselves a nation and a very effectual nation. Similarly, Lord Salisbury, the Secretary of state for India announced that it would be impossible for England to hand over the Indian Muslims to the tender mercies of hostile majority. The British government was, thus, sowing the seeds of Pakistan more than half a century before it was truly born (Chopra, 16). alone the picks of 1937 under the government of India Act hastened the crisis. Whi le the Congress captured power in eight provinces, the league was totally disillusioned. The poor election results convinced Jinnah, the League-leader, that the only way to counteract the Congress was to inflame communal feelings among the Muslims (Sen, 263). Soon, in 1940, the League passed the Pakistan resolution for a separate state (Moon, 41).The rift soon reached the boiling point. The differences bitterly came up during the Cripps Mission and Cabinet Mission. Jinnah called for the dumbfound aim Action Day on 16th August 1946 which resulted in a terrible blood bath. Soon an interim cabinet was formed except it was torpedoed by the League Ministers (Bose, 135). It was, thus, realized that the two communities would not be able to live together on August 15, 1947, two Dominions came up after state of state of ward a sectionalization.Basic Differencesthough both India and Pakistan had an equal start, the differences have become discernible which argon discussed hereunder a s followsPolitical governing bodyalIndia has adopt a democratic system in which the actual power resides on the people. The central and provincial cabinets are, under trick 75 (2) and Art 164 (1), creditworthy to the Lok Sabha and local Assembly respectively, which are composed by popular election. Moreover, Art 326 has granted the right to vote to each person irrespective of class, creed, theology and so on after reaching the age of 18. Thus, this is a dynamic typical democracy (Basu, 23).However, soon after the birth of Pakistan, it came under military dictatorship. Though on occasions, civil governments came to power, it is primarily a military system close to from 1969 (Agarwal, 422).Foreign PolicyIndia has espouse the principal of non-alignment in its conflicting indemnity when in the post war period most of the states joined each of the two power blocs, India, along with a few other nations, choose the policy of equidistance from them. It means the independence of work. Indias foreign policy does not allow herself to follow a previously defined path. This independence of action enables India to judge each issue in its own merits and without any impairment (Keswani, 512).But, in order to enlist American support on the Kashmir issue, Pakistan, soon after its birth, joined the American bloc. Pakistan sought artificial strength by her alliance with America and through SEATO and the Baghdad pact (Khanna, 78). But, curiously, after the Sino-Indian war of 1962 (when America came forward with its men, machines and money to save India from a probable Chinese destruction), Pakistan entered into a favourable treaty with China, a stalwart of communist camp. It means, unmistakably, that Pakistan has no consistency in its foreign policy. Most surprisingly, while Pakistan resorted to a friendly relation with America, it is also brinytaining (at least reportedly) a positive relation with the essence Eastern states virtually of whom are even arch rivals of the United Sates. Its main consideration is enmity with India.Party SystemIndia had, initially, a one companionship dominant system (Morris-Jones, 215). However, with its gradual eclipse, coalition politics has spread over the country. It obviously implies some alliances and compromises among the leaders of various parties for directing the political affairs.But, Pakistan is prevail not by the political leaders, only if by the military Generals. nonpareil General has captured power by removing another through military coup. Thus, politics has been dominated there by militarism and an understanding between the Government and the ambition has been a rare affair.ReligiousIndia has accepted the principle of secularism which implies governmental equity in ghostlike affairs. Its Preamble has granted liberty of thoughts, expressions, faith, beliefs and worship. Moreover, Articles 25, 26, 27 and 28 have been the sheet anchor secularism (Johari, 394). Above all, by the forty-seco nd amendment of 1976, it has inserted the term Secular in the Preamble. Thus, religious tolerance is the basic induce of the Indian system.But, Pakistan is an Islamic country which has accepted Islam as the state religion. However, on the morning of July 13, 1947, Jinnah declaredMinorities, to whichever community they may belong, will be safeguarded. Their religion, or faith or belief will be protected in every way possible. Their life and property will be secure. on that point will be no interference of any kind with their immunity of worship. They will have their protection with regard to their religion, their faith, their life, their property, and their culture. They will be, in all respects, citizens of Pakistan without any distinction of caste or color, religion or creed. (qtd. in Kauba 89)However, being a typical Islamic state, Pakistan accepted Islam as the state-religion and, in most cases, knows no tolerance of other faiths. The laws are based on Sheriyat which is neces sitateed to be derived from the sacred Quran. In such states, Ulemas and Imams guide the social and religious life and a sharp discrimination exists between the Muslims and the other subjects aliment within the state.People belonging to other creeds such as the Christians, the Buddhists, and the Hindus etc. are looked down upon and seldom treated with dignity and honor. The public sectors scantily tolerate any of these creeds at higher designation in the organizational hierarchy. Moreover, the educational syllabus is over burdened with religious lessons instead of practicable industrial requirements.EconomicEconomic systems of the two countries are quite different. India adopted a unique blend of the ideals of socialistic and capitalistic economies. Since the early mid-fifties it has been proceeding towards economies of development through Five Year Plans (Bhattacharya, 1). It is thus a planned economy with big private sectors. Since its globalization and liberalization policies of 1992, giant star multinationals throughout the world has shown serious interest on the Indian market. Resultantly, India has emerged as the fastest growing and the fourth largest economy of the world (Paul, 215).However, Pakistan has adopted rigorously a capitalistic economy where planning has no place at all. Due to its religious intolerance, political disorders, and dictatorial environment the foreign companies are often too much hesitant to invest in that market. congenital ResourcesIndia is much richer in natural resources. It has a vast territory where different types of agricultural crops are produced and mineral resources are harvested.In comparison, Pakistan is surly poor. rice and wheat are the main crops. It has some mineral wealth, textiles, jute and tea (Clement, 64). few ProblemsProblemsBoth India and Pakistan are disturbed by some acute problem. after(prenominal) the gradual erosion of the Congress, a multi party chaos has gripped India and it has evoked politi cal atmosphere. There are belovedly 350 political parties and most of them are undertake upon narrow opportunism. Naturally, the task of nation-building has been cast down by such expend conflicts.Economically also, India is facing a crisis. In spite of planned intent for five decades, a gross disparity of income and wealth has been. Communalism is also a formidable problem. Hindu-Muslim conflict has become a common affair and there may be riots just for anything or nothing (Das, four hundred) In foreign affairs too, some problems seem to be insoluble. With America and China, two super-powers, its relationship is less than normal. Pakistan, its neighbor, is the worst enemy and, Bangladesh, for which it fought in 1971, has drifted far away.Pakistan is, similarly, disturbed with some crucial problems. The conflict between the Siyas and Sunnis often result in loathsome blow-birth. Moreover, some political parties often agitate against the autocratic Government and it in the end r esults in awful bloodshed. But, above all, while there is a big poverty, a considerable part of the national income is to be diverted to the war-preparation.In fact, the Government has to encourage a frenzied bellicosity in its relations with India in order to mobilize public support. In 1949, Pakistan was pushed back in Kashmir and in 1951, 1965 and 1971 it suffered a terrible defeat by India. So the Pak-rulers have been compel to adopt a war-economy, though the national poverty badly needs a peace-time growth-program.Nuclear Preparation It is interesting to tubercle that misgiving of war has compelled both India and Pakistan to enter into a race of armament. Thus, through a lengthen endeavor both of them have now become atomic power. But, it is well known that fear of war increases armament and increase of armament increases the fear of war. In this way, their rivalry has ushered in an era of permanent panic.If a war actually breaks out, it would be profitable to none, becau se the nuclear bombardment would surely puzzle about a total catastrophe for not only the belligerents but also for the entire region. For this reason, some sort of understanding is urgently necessary. Of course, Kashmir is the trick out of contention between them and none is prepared to give up its claim over this strategic spot. But, unless some compromise is reached, the conflict of Kashmir might one day, obliterate the both of them from the global map.ConclusionBut, by any means, they moldiness find out a way towards the lasting peace. It is interesting to note that though Germany was divided into two parts after the Second creative activity War. However, they have, after five decades, merged together. In this sense, India and Pakistan cannot, perhaps in the near future, mingle together in this way. But, for realistic reasons, they must(prenominal) come near and build up a workable relationship.Of course, Kashmir has stood up as the stumbling obstacle. But mutual war and co nflicts can never bring about a peaceful solution. Only an understanding on the basis of give and take policy can solve the problem which has thrice dragged them into armed conflict. Particularly, Pakistan must remember that it has no legal claim over Kashmir. Before the partition of undivided India, the Instrument of Accession offered the Princely states the right to join every of the two Dominions.The king of Kashmir (Hari Sing) duly signed a treaty with India for connectedness it. (Mahajan, 343). The portion of Kashmir (Pak occupied Kashmir) which is now under Pakistans control, was captured only by illegal infiltration by several terrorist groups. Hence, it is beyond any corpuscle of doubt that history can go a long way in setting the problem to the right perspective.Works CitedAgarwal, R.G. Political Theory, Chandra Books, Allahabad, 1996, 422Basu, D.D. launching to the Constitution of India, Prentice Hall, 1978, 23Bhattacharya, D.C. Indias Five Year Plans, joy Library, Cal cutta, 1996, 1Bose, N.S. Indian National Movement, Pharma K.L.M. Pvt. Ltd, 1974, 135Chauba, K.L. India and Pakistan, Raj Kamal Publications, New Delhi, 1948, 49Chopra, P.N. Indias Struggle for Freedom, Publications Division, 1984, 16Das, H.H. India Democratic Government and administration, Himalaya Publications, New Delhi, 1991,400De, B. Freedom Struggle, Publications Division, New Delhi, 1992, 103Johari, J.C. Indian Government and Politics, Vishal Publishing House, New Delhi, 394Kauba, K.L. privileged Pakistan, Raj Kamal Publications, New Delhi, 1948, 89Keswani, K.B. International Relations, Himalaya Publishing, Mumbai, 1996, 512Khanna, V.H. Foreign policy of India, Vikas Publishing, Chennai, 1997, 78Mahajan, V.D. The Constitution of India, Modern Books, New Delhi, 1979, 343Moon, P. Divide and Quit, Modern Books, Mumbai, 41Morris-Jones, W.H. Government and Politics of India, B.I. Publications, New Delhi, 1979, 215Sen, S.N. History of Freedom Movement in India, New eon Publicatio ns, 1978, 263

Finding Meaning in a Stolen Life Essay

It is said that all deportment does indeed involve damage but it is what we make of this suffering that will settle whether or non we develop significance in our support. One moldiness look within and around himself to create meaning in her life one can finding meaning by creating works or doing deeds, experiencing things or encountering throng, and choosing ones attitude towards the suffering in her life. in that respect will always be obstacles in the way to meaningthe tragical triad of pain, offense, and finishbut one must use this to employ nonice your drive to find meaning by maintaining tragic optimismfaith, love, and hope.M either people lead difficult lives, how of all time, some find meaning and others choose not to. In the memoir A Stolen Life by Jaycee Dugard, Jaycee Dugard is put through and through and through what she describes as an intolerable situation, but manages to make meaning of the suffering in her stolen life. Jaycee Dugard has experienced tra gic triad pain, guilt, and death. She deals with pain through turn up the entirety of her archeozoic life. The main source of her pain and suffering was Phillip who kidnapped and put her through snake pit on earth.Jaycee recalls the sidereal solar day Phillip took herthe first painful experience she had with the man that would parapraxis her of her innocence. Jaycee recollects what was legislatening through her mind at the time of her traumatic abduction soul is dragging me and I am being lifted. My limbs get like they matter a ton. I try to ext balance and try to push off from farther into the bushes. The paralyzing feeling returns accompanied by a strange galvanic current zapping sound. I am helpless to resist for some reason. (9-10).It is not long after her abduction when Jaycee is put through an even great affable test. She has been s naive machinee and alone since she was taken from her world on that faithful day and now Phillip would only make her more than than scargond and alienated. Phillip does to Jaycee what nobody should ever have done onto them. She experiences pain physically and mentally when he rapes her and she remembers him severe to justifying her suffering He shows it would be easier on me if I didnt resist or struggle so a great deal next time. He says it wouldnt hurt as much.I think to myself, if you didnt do it in the first place then it wouldnt hurt at all. only if I am too f powerfulened by his act to say a thing in objection to him. (31-32). Jaycee feels her first sense of guilt in her new life when she is given a kitten. Her kidnappers brought her home a kitten and she was happy but says, I have begun to feel punishable for asking for her in the first place. I should have thought or so the place we were going to put her. This is no place for a kitty. He says his aunt is an animal lover and will take her. (41).She does not wishing the kitten to stay in the little room with her because she knows it is not j ust for the kitten to not have a lot of space to run around and be happy. Her giving the kitten away makes her feel erupt because she knows it is not good for the kitten to be stuck in the room of suffering. She manages to sw release over this guilt but soon she is faced with a greater obstacle. Jaycee experiences death for the first time. It is not that of her own life but the death of one of her animals that brings her greater suffering she notes, Blackjack lived a long life.Toward the revoke I took primary care of him and I was the one that set him when he died. It was very hard for me. At the time, I had made a stray enclosure which he would go in at night to carry on safe, and thats where I found him one morning I cried a lot for him. (160). Jaycee was an animal lover and for her to find the cat she took care of loose was very hard for her. However, all of these experiences made her a stronger person. Jaycee did not allow the tragic triad to keep her from making meanin g of her life. She unbroken searching.Jaycee Dugard was on her way to countering with dickens of the three parts of tragic optimismlove, and hope. She had children at a very young age and although she did not indispensableness them from Phillip or at the ages of fourteen and seventeen she loves her children very much. She loves both of her daughters, she did not essential to give either of them up, stating, I did it because that was the only thing I could do. I would do it all again. The most precious thing in the world came bulge out of it my daughters. (110). Her love for her two daughters fueled her positivity towards her adverse life.She was a very hopeful person all through her young life and her daughters gave her more of a reason to hold fast. Jaycee was constantly hoping that she would one day be emancipated. When she is first placed in the room out keister, she hoped soulfulness was spirit for her and that they would find her one day to take her from home. Although she had a rough life from the age of eleven until the age of twenty-nine, she kept a very confident(p) attitude by doing work and keeping busy. She found greater meaning in her suffering by creating works. She started a businessa create companywith Phillip who has put her through endless torture.Over time she intimate how to do it on her own and does most of the work for the company I work up a design and he takes it to the costumer and gets it approve when he brings it back to me, I print them on cards. The job turns out great and I am very proud of myself Phillip says that he thinks I should do the workups and he will get the jobs and help with the printing. (127). Instead of weeping in sorrow for herself that her childhood and beginning of her adult life were taken away from her, she does work to make herself productive.This is good for her because instead of living in the existential vacuum, she feels like she is accomplishing something other than watching television every day like she used to and she feels important. . It takes a very positive person to find meaning in the kind of suffering Jaycee had to stay, and she embodied this person. She chooses to have a positive attitude towards being captured and enslaved. Throughout the time she was taken she kept a journal and instead of always writing most how much she misses her mom and wishes she was not with Phillip and Nancy, she wrote, 10 things that make me happy 1.hearing someone laugh 2. when my cats are near me 10. knowing someone loves me. (183-184). Instead of cerebration of all the bad in her life, she chose to stay positive and think of things she appreciates about life. Not everyone can do that, but she learned that staying positive is more meaningful. All life involves suffering as the main character Jaycee Dugard would know. She suffered a lot in her life from the time she was kidnapped up until she was saved eighteen years later. She suffers the first day she is taken. I demand my mo mmy.I want time to reverse itself and give me a do-over, she cries about the situation she is in (10). Then it gets worse. Jaycee describes what is going on when she was impel in the back of the car and taken to Phillips house where her suffering would begin A blanket is thrown on top of me and I feel a lot of freight on my back, I feel as if I cant breathe. I hear voices but they are muffled. The car is moving. I want to get out of the car. I twist and turn, but something is pinning me down. (10). She goes through a scarring experience as he puts her through the greatest suffering she will have to endure in her 18 yearshere. A few days after kidnapping Jaycee, Phillip takes advantage of her, he stands back up and takes off all his clothes. I do not want him to do that I feel so helpless and vulnerable. I feel so alone. He lies on top of me. I cant stop crying. (31). She was raped and had to suffer through it because she had no other cream as she was too afraid of what he would do if she did not cooperate. unconstipated after being raped and impregnated, she had to make she was not the mother of her children. She says that, on the roof I felt like my pulse was going to bear out of my skin.I wanted to grab her and hold her. (154). Phillip and Nancy wanted Jaycee to pretend that they were the parents of the children she gave birth to and that she was just their sister, but Jaycee did not want that. Jaycee wanted to be able to take care of her children and it killed her that she had to allow Nancy do it. However, she did overcome the situation. When she was found and reunited with her real family, she wanted to meet with Nancy, I wanted to see her for more different reasons, the biggest being closure. Telling her that what she and Phillip did was not okay in any way. (243). Although her kidnappers took most of her life away from her, she still stood up to them in the end and wanted them to know she was a stronger person. Although Jaycee suffered a lot she did not let it get the best of her. She has made meaning of her life. However, it did not happen right as she was freed as she said, my growth has not been an overnight phenomenon. Nonetheless it has late but surely come about. (261). She is doing well now and both of her kids are in high school. She reunited with one of her friends from her childhood and now they are actually close.She knows what they did to her was wrong but she said she got the most precious things out of it and that was her two daughters whom she loves a lot. She stays clear of living a provisional founding while she was captured and even after she was liberated, she didnt go through deterrent example deformity and bitterness. Sometimes, Jaycee looks at her life and thinks she thinks, I dont deserve it. (267). Jaycee was a self-determinist and believed she had free will to make of her life what she wanted it to be. She apply tragic optimism to resolve the tragic triad she had to go through.Jaycee kept a positive attitude towards her life and used this to create work and endure the experiences she had to go through and to find love, the greatest way to make meaning of ones life, in the children she was forced to bare. She now knows that, its the simple things that count, and she has used that mentality to make meaning of all her suffering end-to-end her whole life (268). Citations 1. A Stolen Life Dugard, Jaycee. A Stolen Life. N. p. , n. d. Web. 22 may 2012. 2. Mans chase for Meaning Frankl, Viktor E. Mans Search For Meaning. N. p. Beacon Press, 2006. Print.