The Phenomenon of Human Trafficking

Table of contents 1. Introduction2 2. commentary of Key equipment casualty2 2. 1. Human trafficking2 2. 2. Victim2 3. Victims of benevolent trafficking3 4. Trends in clement trafficking3 5. Ca hires of clement trafficking4 5. 1. meagreness and desire for break proscribed life of exploited dupes4 5. 2. Corruption and the ab determination of influence4 5. 3. amply meshing and Low risk. 5 6. Recruitment strategies for forgiving trafficking dupes6 6. 1. Being innate(p) in to slavery6 6. 2. implement of force6 6. 3. Fraud6 6. 4. Coercion7 7. SEVERE FORMS OF TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS8 7. 1. agitate Trafficking8 8. Pr planetion of trafficking in manhood8 . 1. Economic alternatives to prevent and deter trafficking8 8. 2. Public a state of fightgonness and in pathation9 8. 3. protective covering and c argon for victims of trafficking9 9. Case bushel10 9 held for mankind trafficking News 2410 10. Conclusion11 11. References12 Introduction The phenomenon of human trafficking or modern-day slavery has received increased media coverage glob each(prenominal)y this is because millions of peck somewhat the world suffer in silence under slave-like conditions of strained labour and commercial get darkual exploitation from which they evokenot free themselves.Human trafficking not only continues but appears to be on the rise worldwide creaseally because most countries be involved in human trafficking to several(prenominal) achievement, either as a place of levyment, transit or the reference for trafficked individuals. This strive addresses the phenomenon of human trafficking as a form of victimisation and ordain look at up ones mind key concepts, identify and discuss victims of human trafficking and its trends. The discussion will press on look in to the causes of vulnerability to trafficking, reasons for trafficking, strategies for recruiting trafficked raft and the responses or courses of action to quash human trafficking.A case study of re cent trafficking issue will overly be provided to show the reality of the problem and lastly the finale will sum up the discussion in a nutshell. Definition of Key terms 1 Human trafficking Hodge and Lietz (2007 163) explain that human trafficking involves the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of people, by the use of force, threat or azoic(a) forms of coercion, filchion, fraud, and deception. It similarly includes the abuse of power and position by giving or receiving payments to get the consent of a person having control over an new(prenominal) person, for the offer of exploitation.Exploitation as explained by Hodge and Lietz (2007 163) include strained prostitution and other forms of sexual exploitation, force labour and services, servitude and the involuntary removal of organs. The United Nations ability on Drugs and Crime explain human trafficking as an act of recruiting, transporting, transferring, harbouring or receiving a person through and through and through a use of force, coercion or other means, for the role of exploiting them (UNODC, 2010). 2 Victim match to Howley and Dorris (2007 229) victims are persons who deem suffered aggrieve, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering including grief, scotch red and/or substantial impairment of rights accorded them by the state law through acts or omissions that are in violation of the criminal law direct in the territory. Victims of human trafficking Winterdyk and Reichel (2010 5) states that human traffickers tend to victimize the most conquerable of the global community consisting mostly vernal women and children and to a certain extent men.According to Winterdyk and Reichel (2010 5) victims live in dreaded, brutal circumstances behind a wall of secrecy and deception and the victims are often sick due(p) to physical and psychological trauma they go across peculiarly when they try to escape. Bales (2004 56) only elaborates that trafficker s instil trauma through a sense of terror and attendlessness and by destroying the victims sense of self. Perpetrators also threaten death and serious harm against victims and their families, they also isolate their victims from sources of reading and emotional support where they lot get help (Bales, 2004 56).An explanation by Fichtelberg (2008 151) clearly states that victims of human trafficking are forced into sex trade industry which includes prostitution, pornography, sex tourism, strip dancing, live-sex shows, servile marriages or outlawed labour markets such as sweatshops, farm dissemble, domestic progress to , industrial go bad, begging, child exchangeiers, participating in hatred or other activities they did not agree to engage in.Fichtelberg (2008 152) nevertheless elaborates that victims are often invisible as they are often isolated from their family members and other members of their ethnic and spectral community and therefore unable to speak the local lan guage and unfamiliar with(predicate) with the culture. Victims may not self-identify themselves as victims of human trafficking due to need of intimacy about the criminal justice system of the host country, fright of retribution against themselves and their families by traffickers, fear of accusation in spite of appearance their families, post traumatic distort disorder and stigma (Fichtelberg, 2008 152).Trends in human trafficking According to Hodge & Lietz (2007 163) determining the shape of individuals who are trafficked is difficult due to high levels of secrecy and corruption within the human trafficking industry. Furthermore, victims are often hesitant to share their palpates due to fear of reprisals and as a guide estimates of the prevalence of trafficking contribute varied considerably.Hodge & Lietz (2007163) further states that approximately 600,000 to 800,000 people are trafficked across international borders annually, of which 70- 80% are female and approxima tely 50% are children. Among all females, approximately 70% are trafficked for prostitution and other forms of sexual exploitation, while the remaining are males trafficked for forced labour and performing criminal activities for their traffickers (Hodge & Lietz, 2007163).Causes of human trafficking 1 mendicancy and desire for better life of exploited victims According to Logan, Walker and die hard (2009 10) impoverishment is one most important factor in comme il faut a target of human trafficking because the poverty that the trafficked immigrants experience in their countries of origin is too extreme that it threatens even basic survival, thus making them unprotected to any(prenominal) promises of better livelihood.Logan, Walker and Hunt (2009 10) further elaborates that vulnerability to trafficking is on the rise due to a mix of poverty and high levels of community density, infant mortality rate, children teener than 14, civil unrest and violence, cultural bankers acceptan ce of trafficking and lower levels of food security in those poverty stricken nations.In addition, Logan, Walker and Hunt (2009 10) explain that impoverished people often indirect request to go to stable and wealthy countries like America for a better life then criminals use their dreams against them and put them into trafficking as they are desperate and willing to accept any opportunity to better their livelihood and help their family members who are also struggling. Corruption and the abuse of influence Surtees (200849) explains that corruption of establishment authorities including politicians, state soundaries, law enforcement officers and immigration officials play a diminutive role in the operation of human trafficking networks and allows trafficking to continue from, through, and within their countries.Surtees (200849) further elaborates that these corrupt officials supports trafficking in many ways through document falsification, il reasoned border crossings, overlookin g prostitution venues in identifying victims, com lustrous criminal investigations, inadequacy of investigation and judges dismissing cases or imposing stripped sanctions against international human trafficking networks. Lehti and Aromaa (2007 125) also states that just about individuals within international organized evil syndicates are current or former officials and use their position and/or experience to support criminal ventures.Former members of security agencies, for example, are able to trust their security experience (which includes intimidation and torture) with high-level connections to political, professional and law enforcement agencies, allowing them to function with impunity by hiring legal and business experts as intermediaries or brokers through which they recruit people for trafficking (Lehti and Aromaa, 2007 125). 3 High profits and Low risk. According to the U.S Department of State (2004) human trafficking is the third most profitable form of international o rganised crime after narcotics and arms sales. According to this compensate the sale of trafficked people is generating massive profits for traffickers because unlike narcotics and arms, which are change once, people who are sold into prostitution and involuntary servitude earn profits continually, year after year, for their exploiters while victims get minimal wages or basically nothing due to debt bondage imposed to them by traffickers (U. S Department of State, 2004).In addition to high profits, Hodge & Lietz (2007 166) explains that the risks associated with trafficking are quite minimal because prostitution is legal in many places like Germany and Netherlands therefore complicating efforts to tuck away traffickers. Hodge & Lietz (2007 166) further elaborates that even in countries where prostitution is clearly illegal, traffickers often go unpunished for their crimes because cases regularly fall apart due to lack of auspices for witnesses, family involvement in the traffick ing activity and fear of deportation.Furthermore, enforcement efforts normally focus on the women instead of the exploiters, consequently people often attempt to remain overlooked for fear of being charged, particularly if they are trafficked internationally (Hodge & Lietz, 2007 166). Recruitment strategies for human trafficking victims A study by Skinner (2008 131) states that people are trafficked in three main ways which include being innate(p) into slavery, use of force i. e. eing kidnapped, sold, or physically forced and by fraud or being tricked. 1 Being born in to slavery According to Skinner (2008 131) in some countries families may be permanent servants because they were born into it. This is chiefly because their families may have been slaves or in debt bondage literally for generations and when they bear children they are automatically under the same circumstances and may be sold to whoever is involved in the human trafficking business. 2 Use of forceSkinner (2008 131) contends that in some countries children are literally sold into slavery out of their will by parents or other caregivers mainly because of the economic situations of the families. Skinner (2008 131) further states that victims are then raped, beaten, intimidated, tortured and hold so as to control them after they have being sold. exclamatory violence as explained by Skinner (2008 131) is used especially during the early constitutes of victimisation, known as the seasoning process, which is used to break the victims resistance so as to make them easier to control.In some cases, Skinner (2008 131) states that people who are often approached to work in the sex industry often refuse and traffickers may kidnap or abduct such individuals and smuggle them to the country of destination to work as slaves or sold to other traffickers. 3 Fraud Hyland (2001 31) states that traffickers use seemingly decriminalize organizations to recruit young women and children in to trafficking situations . This often involves the use of false advertisements promising desperate people a better life in another, usually richer, nation that offers jobs to work as waitresses, maids, landscapers and dancers.In other cases, Hyland (2001 31) explain that women who work in nightclubs may be approached and promised much higher earnings for doing akin work in wealthier nations only to find that they will be forced in to prostitution and sex related exploitations. According to Hyland (2001 31) some victims may be made to sign false contracts to make the whole experience seem even more legitimate, and some measures psychologically binding them even more to the trafficker to erase any suspicions from the victim.Hyland (2001 32) further states that in some instances, victims are approached by individuals known to their families in their home countries who invite them to acclaim along with them for a job offer but only conduct them into trafficking situations where are often subjected to debt-bo ndage, usually in the context of paying off transportation fees into the destination countries. 4 Coercion According to the Trafficking Victims Protection function (2000), traffickers often make representations to their victims that physical harm may occur to them or others should the victim escape or attempt to escape.Such representations can have coercive effects on victims as direct threats to inflict such harm may cause victims to live in fear and catch hopeless and hence easy to control. Coercion as explained by the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (2000) means threats of serious harm to or physical control condition of any person, it also includes any scheme, plan, or pattern intended to make a person to believe that failure to perform an act would result in serious harm to or physical restraint against any person or the abuse or threatened abuse of the legal processSEVERE FORMS OF TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS According to the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (2000), grim fo rms of trafficking in persons involves sex trafficking in which a commercial sex work is imposed on someone by the use of force, fraud, or coercion. It also includes recruitment, harbouring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labour or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. Sex Trafficking According to Hodge & Lietz (2007 165) sex trafficking means the recruitment, harbouring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex. Hodge & Lietz (2007 165) further states that sex trafficking is no longer primarily localized in one geographic region but has increasingly become a transnational and a global problem. For example, a young girl may be recruited in Botswana, sold and trained in Italy, with the United States being the ultimate destination.Moreover, Hodge & Lietz (2007 165) states that traffickers primarily target yo ung women and girls, who are disproportionately affected by poverty, the lack of access to education, chronic unemployment, discrimination, and the lack of economic opportunities in countries of origin. According to Hodge & Lietz (2007 165) most trafficking victims originate in Asia, Africa, easterly Europe and to a lesser extent, Latin America while destination countries tend to be wealthy nations like America in which deep sex industries like pornography exist or where prostitution is legalized or broadly tolerated as in the case of Germany and Netherlands.Prevention of trafficking in humans 1 Economic alternatives to prevent and deter trafficking According to Beyrer (2001 547) states that initiatives to enhance economic opportunities for authorization victims of trafficking can be used as a rule to deter trafficking since the traffickers often target people who live in poverty in the promise for better livelihood. Such initiatives may include microcredit modify programs, trai ning in business development, skills training, and job counselling.Other alternatives as declared by Beyrer (2001 547) are the provision of grants to nongovernmental organizations that can help to accelerate and ascending the political, economic, social, and educational roles and capacities of women in their countries. Furthermore, countries should initiate programs that promote womens participation in economic decision which can help to empower women economically as they appear to be the primary target and most vulnerable to human trafficking (Beyrer, 2001 547). 2 Public awareness and informationBeyrer (2001 548) states that countries should establish and carry out programs to increase public awareness on human trafficking particularly among potential victims about the dangers of trafficking and the protections that are available for them. Beyrer (2001 548) further elaborates that governments should initiate programs to keep children, especially girls, in schools to reduce vulnera bility at an early age and to meliorate persons who have been victims of trafficking. Moreover the development of educational curricula covering issues of human trafficking can also help to create awareness at an early stage Beyrer (2001 548). Protection and assistance for victims of trafficking According to Beyrer (2001 549) victim protection begins when a victim is rescued and reunited with their family and continues when they are assisted to rebuild their lives. It may include charge victims safe from threat, violence and abuse, counselling, help with income generation, education and vocational training. Beyrer (2001 549) further states that pursuit of traffickers ensures the victim receives full justice, including meaningful prosecution of the perpetrator.It requires vigorous law enforcement, fight corruption, identifying and monitoring trafficking routes, and cross-border coordination. Moreover, Beyrer (2001 549) further states that protection and assistance of victims can be achieved through policies or framework including government and NGO guiding principles, plans and strategies, which support all of the anti-trafficking initiatives that assist victims. Case study 9 held for human trafficking News 24 Ermelo Nine Nigerian men arrested for alleged human trafficking have appeared in the Ermelo Magistrates Court, Mpumalanga guard verbalise on Tuesday.Captain Leonard Hlathi said the men appeared in court on Friday, and their case was postponed to April 16 for a bail application. He said it was alleged that the men forcefully took a number of women from close to the country to Ermelo, where they were forced into prostitution. They were given R30 a day for food, and from time to time they were forced to take drugs to ensure they remained addicts. The 12 women, between the ages of 18 and 30, told the police the men took all their earnings and they were not paid for the jobs that they were doing. Home affairs officials confirmed that the suspects appl ied for asylum in South Africa, and according to the information in their application forms, they do not qualify for asylum. He said they were being charged under the Sexual Offences Act and for kidnapping. These men can consider themselves a bit lucky as human trafficking laws are in the process of being legislated. These acts of the suspects were exactly equivalent to human trafficking. initiation news24. com The above case study reflects on the reality of the problem of human trafficking in South Africa as it the case in all countries around the world.According to the case study it is evident that traffickers target mostly young women who are more vulnerable and defenceless. As already discussed trafficking is a preserve by huge profits due to exploitation of the victims, the case study further support that statement as it states that the victims were given only a little amount enough to buy food and the profit they make from forced prostitution goes to the perpetrators. Conc lusion In conclusion, women, children and people in popular are not property to be bought and sold, used and discarded.Rather, they are human beings with certain fundamental human rights that prevent them from being sold into slavery. large number should therefore know their rights and exercise them and countries should unite and cooperate in the war against human trafficking because it is a very complicated problem that cannot be solved by one country as it is a multinational crime involving highly organised crime syndicates. Citizens should also assist in the war against human trafficking by avoiding flashy job opportunities which often offer unrealistic rewards.At last people should also report suspicious cases of trafficking as this victims often work in public places including restaurants, hotels and massage parlours. References Bales, K. , (2004). Disposable people New slavery in the global economy. Berkeley, CA University of California straighten out Beyrer, C. (2001). Sha n women and girls and the sex industry in Southeast Asia Political causes and human rights implications. diary of companionable Science and Medicine. Vol. 53. (6). Pp. 543550. Fichtelberg, A. (2008). Crime without borders An introduction to international criminal justice. speed Saddle River, NJ PearsonHodge . R. & Lietz . C. A (2007). The International Sexual Trafficking of Women and Children . ledger of Women and Social Work. Vol. 22 (2). Pp. 163-174. Howley, S. , & Dorris, C. (2007). Legal rights for crime victims in the criminal justice system. (3rd ed. , constant of gravitation Oaks, CA Sage. Hyland, K. (2001). Protecting human victims of trafficking An American framework. Berkeley Womens Law Journal. Vol. 16 (3). Pp. 29-71. Lehti, M. , & Aromaa, K. (2007). Trafficking in humans for sexual exploitation in Europe. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice. vol. 31 (7).Pp. 12345. Logan. T. K. , Walker . R. & Hunt . G. (2009). thought Human Trafficking in the United States. Trauma Violence Abuse. vol. 10. (1). Pp. 3-30 Skinner, E. B. (2008). A crime so monstrous Face-to-face with modern-day slavery. New York Free imperativeness Trafficking Victims Protection Act (2000), Human trafficking. ( uniform resource locator accessed 21 march 2010) http//www. state. gov/g/ fish/rls/tiprpt/2007/86205. html United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2010). Human trafficking. URL (accessed 20 March 2010) http//www. unodc. org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking. html