India and Pakistan: Most Different Systems

It is a cardinal truth that whizz of the most important factors in the governmental environment of the Asiatic region is the family relationship between India and Pakistan. The g overnance analysis with regard to India and Pakistan is a most interesting affair for an self-evident reason. It shows how a people who had lived together for centuries can d happy chance apart on communal question. Not only that, it also shows that due to differences in political culture the dickens states have, in spite of an equal start, chosen ii divergent right smarts.As such, their fundamental differences have catch clearly circumpolar and practic completelyy speaking, it is very difficult, if not insurmount equal to(p) to bridge the gulf. Particularly, their conflict has, in the meanwhile, turned this Asiatic region into a storm centre which whitethorn at any time trigger off a atomic holocaust. Above all, this political tension has merged with global government activity and, hence, the riddle has become more acute.Before August 15, 1947, India was a unified state. The two dominions India and Pakistan came into being as separate states on that very day as a result of communal frenzy and blood-strained riots. It is a significant fact that the British rule was introduced in India by overthrowing the Muslim rulers and, hence, the Muslim companionship had a bitter hatred of the British. This hatred in brief turned into an rancor with the western culture as tumesce as their science and literature. and the Hindus accepted English and, thus, soon they were acquainted with the western culture and their thoughts oddly the concepts of liberty.As such, political consciousness grew up rapidly and in 1885, the carnal knowledge came into being as a national organization for political agitation. though it was a secular entity and many Muslims joined it with a genuine eagerness, whatsoever Muslim leaders dubbed it as a Hindu organization and Sayid Ahmed, in particular, taught the Muslims that their interests were antithetical and even at cross purposes. Thus, a counter try came to the fore, swearing loyalty to the British. The British also pulled strings behind the panorama (De, 103). In this way, the British authorities pursued the Divide and Rule indemnity for its own interests and, thus, the gulf began to enlarge.With the British encouragement, the Muslim League was formed in 1906 for acting as a counterpoise for the copulation. Lord Dufferin, the Viceroy, once detect that fifty millions of men were themselves a nation and a very effectual nation. Similarly, Lord Salisbury, the Secretary of state for India announced that it would be impossible for England to hand over the Indian Muslims to the tender mercies of hostile majority. The British government was, thus, sowing the seeds of Pakistan more than half a century before it was truly born (Chopra, 16). alone the picks of 1937 under the government of India Act hastened the crisis. Whi le the Congress captured power in eight provinces, the league was totally disillusioned. The poor election results convinced Jinnah, the League-leader, that the only way to counteract the Congress was to inflame communal feelings among the Muslims (Sen, 263). Soon, in 1940, the League passed the Pakistan resolution for a separate state (Moon, 41).The rift soon reached the boiling point. The differences bitterly came up during the Cripps Mission and Cabinet Mission. Jinnah called for the dumbfound aim Action Day on 16th August 1946 which resulted in a terrible blood bath. Soon an interim cabinet was formed except it was torpedoed by the League Ministers (Bose, 135). It was, thus, realized that the two communities would not be able to live together on August 15, 1947, two Dominions came up after state of state of ward a sectionalization.Basic Differencesthough both India and Pakistan had an equal start, the differences have become discernible which argon discussed hereunder a s followsPolitical governing bodyalIndia has adopt a democratic system in which the actual power resides on the people. The central and provincial cabinets are, under trick 75 (2) and Art 164 (1), creditworthy to the Lok Sabha and local Assembly respectively, which are composed by popular election. Moreover, Art 326 has granted the right to vote to each person irrespective of class, creed, theology and so on after reaching the age of 18. Thus, this is a dynamic typical democracy (Basu, 23).However, soon after the birth of Pakistan, it came under military dictatorship. Though on occasions, civil governments came to power, it is primarily a military system close to from 1969 (Agarwal, 422).Foreign PolicyIndia has espouse the principal of non-alignment in its conflicting indemnity when in the post war period most of the states joined each of the two power blocs, India, along with a few other nations, choose the policy of equidistance from them. It means the independence of work. Indias foreign policy does not allow herself to follow a previously defined path. This independence of action enables India to judge each issue in its own merits and without any impairment (Keswani, 512).But, in order to enlist American support on the Kashmir issue, Pakistan, soon after its birth, joined the American bloc. Pakistan sought artificial strength by her alliance with America and through SEATO and the Baghdad pact (Khanna, 78). But, curiously, after the Sino-Indian war of 1962 (when America came forward with its men, machines and money to save India from a probable Chinese destruction), Pakistan entered into a favourable treaty with China, a stalwart of communist camp. It means, unmistakably, that Pakistan has no consistency in its foreign policy. Most surprisingly, while Pakistan resorted to a friendly relation with America, it is also brinytaining (at least reportedly) a positive relation with the essence Eastern states virtually of whom are even arch rivals of the United Sates. Its main consideration is enmity with India.Party SystemIndia had, initially, a one companionship dominant system (Morris-Jones, 215). However, with its gradual eclipse, coalition politics has spread over the country. It obviously implies some alliances and compromises among the leaders of various parties for directing the political affairs.But, Pakistan is prevail not by the political leaders, only if by the military Generals. nonpareil General has captured power by removing another through military coup. Thus, politics has been dominated there by militarism and an understanding between the Government and the ambition has been a rare affair.ReligiousIndia has accepted the principle of secularism which implies governmental equity in ghostlike affairs. Its Preamble has granted liberty of thoughts, expressions, faith, beliefs and worship. Moreover, Articles 25, 26, 27 and 28 have been the sheet anchor secularism (Johari, 394). Above all, by the forty-seco nd amendment of 1976, it has inserted the term Secular in the Preamble. Thus, religious tolerance is the basic induce of the Indian system.But, Pakistan is an Islamic country which has accepted Islam as the state religion. However, on the morning of July 13, 1947, Jinnah declaredMinorities, to whichever community they may belong, will be safeguarded. Their religion, or faith or belief will be protected in every way possible. Their life and property will be secure. on that point will be no interference of any kind with their immunity of worship. They will have their protection with regard to their religion, their faith, their life, their property, and their culture. They will be, in all respects, citizens of Pakistan without any distinction of caste or color, religion or creed. (qtd. in Kauba 89)However, being a typical Islamic state, Pakistan accepted Islam as the state-religion and, in most cases, knows no tolerance of other faiths. The laws are based on Sheriyat which is neces sitateed to be derived from the sacred Quran. In such states, Ulemas and Imams guide the social and religious life and a sharp discrimination exists between the Muslims and the other subjects aliment within the state.People belonging to other creeds such as the Christians, the Buddhists, and the Hindus etc. are looked down upon and seldom treated with dignity and honor. The public sectors scantily tolerate any of these creeds at higher designation in the organizational hierarchy. Moreover, the educational syllabus is over burdened with religious lessons instead of practicable industrial requirements.EconomicEconomic systems of the two countries are quite different. India adopted a unique blend of the ideals of socialistic and capitalistic economies. Since the early mid-fifties it has been proceeding towards economies of development through Five Year Plans (Bhattacharya, 1). It is thus a planned economy with big private sectors. Since its globalization and liberalization policies of 1992, giant star multinationals throughout the world has shown serious interest on the Indian market. Resultantly, India has emerged as the fastest growing and the fourth largest economy of the world (Paul, 215).However, Pakistan has adopted rigorously a capitalistic economy where planning has no place at all. Due to its religious intolerance, political disorders, and dictatorial environment the foreign companies are often too much hesitant to invest in that market. congenital ResourcesIndia is much richer in natural resources. It has a vast territory where different types of agricultural crops are produced and mineral resources are harvested.In comparison, Pakistan is surly poor. rice and wheat are the main crops. It has some mineral wealth, textiles, jute and tea (Clement, 64). few ProblemsProblemsBoth India and Pakistan are disturbed by some acute problem. after(prenominal) the gradual erosion of the Congress, a multi party chaos has gripped India and it has evoked politi cal atmosphere. There are belovedly 350 political parties and most of them are undertake upon narrow opportunism. Naturally, the task of nation-building has been cast down by such expend conflicts.Economically also, India is facing a crisis. In spite of planned intent for five decades, a gross disparity of income and wealth has been. Communalism is also a formidable problem. Hindu-Muslim conflict has become a common affair and there may be riots just for anything or nothing (Das, four hundred) In foreign affairs too, some problems seem to be insoluble. With America and China, two super-powers, its relationship is less than normal. Pakistan, its neighbor, is the worst enemy and, Bangladesh, for which it fought in 1971, has drifted far away.Pakistan is, similarly, disturbed with some crucial problems. The conflict between the Siyas and Sunnis often result in loathsome blow-birth. Moreover, some political parties often agitate against the autocratic Government and it in the end r esults in awful bloodshed. But, above all, while there is a big poverty, a considerable part of the national income is to be diverted to the war-preparation.In fact, the Government has to encourage a frenzied bellicosity in its relations with India in order to mobilize public support. In 1949, Pakistan was pushed back in Kashmir and in 1951, 1965 and 1971 it suffered a terrible defeat by India. So the Pak-rulers have been compel to adopt a war-economy, though the national poverty badly needs a peace-time growth-program.Nuclear Preparation It is interesting to tubercle that misgiving of war has compelled both India and Pakistan to enter into a race of armament. Thus, through a lengthen endeavor both of them have now become atomic power. But, it is well known that fear of war increases armament and increase of armament increases the fear of war. In this way, their rivalry has ushered in an era of permanent panic.If a war actually breaks out, it would be profitable to none, becau se the nuclear bombardment would surely puzzle about a total catastrophe for not only the belligerents but also for the entire region. For this reason, some sort of understanding is urgently necessary. Of course, Kashmir is the trick out of contention between them and none is prepared to give up its claim over this strategic spot. But, unless some compromise is reached, the conflict of Kashmir might one day, obliterate the both of them from the global map.ConclusionBut, by any means, they moldiness find out a way towards the lasting peace. It is interesting to note that though Germany was divided into two parts after the Second creative activity War. However, they have, after five decades, merged together. In this sense, India and Pakistan cannot, perhaps in the near future, mingle together in this way. But, for realistic reasons, they must(prenominal) come near and build up a workable relationship.Of course, Kashmir has stood up as the stumbling obstacle. But mutual war and co nflicts can never bring about a peaceful solution. Only an understanding on the basis of give and take policy can solve the problem which has thrice dragged them into armed conflict. Particularly, Pakistan must remember that it has no legal claim over Kashmir. Before the partition of undivided India, the Instrument of Accession offered the Princely states the right to join every of the two Dominions.The king of Kashmir (Hari Sing) duly signed a treaty with India for connectedness it. (Mahajan, 343). The portion of Kashmir (Pak occupied Kashmir) which is now under Pakistans control, was captured only by illegal infiltration by several terrorist groups. Hence, it is beyond any corpuscle of doubt that history can go a long way in setting the problem to the right perspective.Works CitedAgarwal, R.G. Political Theory, Chandra Books, Allahabad, 1996, 422Basu, D.D. launching to the Constitution of India, Prentice Hall, 1978, 23Bhattacharya, D.C. Indias Five Year Plans, joy Library, Cal cutta, 1996, 1Bose, N.S. Indian National Movement, Pharma K.L.M. Pvt. Ltd, 1974, 135Chauba, K.L. India and Pakistan, Raj Kamal Publications, New Delhi, 1948, 49Chopra, P.N. Indias Struggle for Freedom, Publications Division, 1984, 16Das, H.H. India Democratic Government and administration, Himalaya Publications, New Delhi, 1991,400De, B. Freedom Struggle, Publications Division, New Delhi, 1992, 103Johari, J.C. Indian Government and Politics, Vishal Publishing House, New Delhi, 394Kauba, K.L. privileged Pakistan, Raj Kamal Publications, New Delhi, 1948, 89Keswani, K.B. International Relations, Himalaya Publishing, Mumbai, 1996, 512Khanna, V.H. Foreign policy of India, Vikas Publishing, Chennai, 1997, 78Mahajan, V.D. The Constitution of India, Modern Books, New Delhi, 1979, 343Moon, P. Divide and Quit, Modern Books, Mumbai, 41Morris-Jones, W.H. Government and Politics of India, B.I. Publications, New Delhi, 1979, 215Sen, S.N. History of Freedom Movement in India, New eon Publicatio ns, 1978, 263