Uses of DNA Technology

Uses of deoxyribonucleic acid TechnologyIntroductiondesoxyribonucleic acid typing was first utilisationd in Great Britain for law enforcement purposes in the mid- 1980s and has revolutionized rhetorical science and the powerfulness of law enforcement to match perpetrators with crime scenes. It wasnt employed in the United States until 1987. deoxyribonucleic acid profiling has changed forensic science. deoxyribonucleic acid technology has given police and the courts a means of identifying the rummys of rapes and murders. Thousands of cases get been closed and innocent suspects freed with guilty iodins punished because of the power of a silent biological witness at the crime scene. Today, the federal official authorisation of investigating accomplishs the bulk of the forensic desoxyribonucleic acid typing for local anaesthetic and state law enforcement agencies. In savage investigations, deoxyribonucleic acid from seeks of hair, bodily fluids or scratch at a crime sce ne is comp ared with those obtained from suspected suspects. (http//faculty.ncwc.edu) desoxyribonucleic acid fingerprinting, or deoxyribonucleic acid typing (profiling) as it is now known, was first describe in 1985 by an position factorticist named Alec Jeffreys. Dr Jeffreys found that certain regions of desoxyribonucleic acid contained desoxyribonucleic acid sequences that were repeated everyplace and over again next to each another(prenominal). He withal discovered that the number of repeated sections present in a sample could differ from somebody to individual. By developing a proficiency to examine the length variation of these deoxyribonucleic acid repeat sequences, Dr Jeffreys created the ability to perform human identity tests. ( tush Butler, 2005) Sir Alec John Jeffreys, was born 9 January 1950 at Oxford in Oxfordshire. He is a professor of patrimonials at theUniversity of Leicester, and he became an honorary freeman of the City of Leicester on 26 November 1992. (Leicester City Council, 1992) In 1994, he was knighted by her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, for Services to acquaintance and Technology.Jeffreys had a eureka moment in his lab in Leicester later on looking at the X-ray film image of a desoxyribonucleic acid experiment at 905 am on Monday 10 kinsfolk 1984, which unexpectedly showed some(prenominal) similarities and differences between the desoxyribonucleic acid of different members of his technicians family. (BBC Radio, celestial latitude 9, 2007) in spite of appearance round half an hour, he realized the possible scope of deoxyribonucleic acid fingerprinting, which uses variations in the genetic code to identify individuals. The method has become pregnant in forensic science to assist police detective work, and it has also proved useful in resolving paternity and immigration disputes. (BBC Radio, December 9, 2007) The method feces also be applied to non-human species, for example in wildlife population genetics studies. Before his methods were commercialized in 1987 his laboratory was the that center carrying come in deoxyribonucleic acid fingerprinting in the world, and during this period of about two or three years it was very busy, receiving inquiries from all over the globe. (Neston, Giles February 2, 2004) The technique utilise by Dr Jeffreys to examine the VNTRs was called restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) because it involved the use of a restriction enzyme to cut the regions of desoxyribonucleic acid surrounding the VNTRs. This RFLP method was first use to help in an English immigration case and shortly thereafter to solve a duple homicide case. Since that age, human identity testing using deoxyribonucleic acid typing methods has been widespread. The outgoing 25 years have seen tremendous growth in the use of desoxyribonucleic acid enjoin in crime scene investigations as thoroughly as paternity testing. Today over 100 public forensic laboratories and several dozen private paternity testing laboratories conduct hundreds of thousands of deoxyribonucleic acid tests annually in the United States. In addition, most countries in atomic number 63 and Asia have forensic desoxyribonucleic acid programs. The number of laboratories around the world conducting DNA testing will observe to grow as the technique gains in popularity within the law enforcement community. (John Butler, 2005)How DNA Typing Is DoneOnly tenth of a single percent of DNA (about 3 million bases) differs from one person to the next. (profit character reference www.ornl.org, 2009) Scientists gouge use these variable regions to generate a DNA visibleness of an individual, using samples from blood, bone, hair, and other body tissues and products. In criminal cases, this generally involves obtaining samples from crime-scene evidence and a suspect, extracting the DNA, and analyzing it for the presence of a set of precise DNA regions (markers). Scientists find the mar kers in a DNA sample by designing small pieces of DNA ( tests) that will each seek out and bind to a complementary DNA sequence in the sample. A series of probes bound to a DNA sample creates a typical pattern for an individual. forensic scientists compare these DNA writes to determine whether the suspects sample matches the evidence sample. A marker by itself usually is not unique to an individual if, however, two DNA samples are alike at four or five regions, odds are great that the samples are from the same person. If the sample profiles dont match, the person did not contribute the DNA at the crime scene. If the patterns match, the suspect may have contributed the evidence sample. While there is a take chances that someone else has the same DNA profile for a particular probe set, the odds are exceedingly slim. Many judges consider this a matter for a jury to take into consideration along with other evidence in the case. (Internet artificial lake www.nfstc.org, 2009) Experts point out that using DNA forensic technology is far superior to eyewitness accounts, where the odds for counterbalance identification are about 5050. The much probes utilize in DNA abstract, the greater the odds for a unique pattern and against a coincidental match, but each additional probe adds greatly to the time and expense of testing. Four to six probes are recommended. Testing with several more probes will become routine, observed John Hicks (Internet Source www.alabany.edu/nerfi, 2009). He predicted that DNA chip technology will enable much more rapid, bum analyses using many more probes and raising the odds against coincidental matches.Types of DNA TechnologiesRestriction Fragment Length Polymorphism RFLP is a method employ by molecular biologists to follow a particular sequence of DNA as it is passed on to other cells. RFLPs can be used in many different settings to accomplish different objectives. RFLPs can be used in paternity cases or criminal cases to determine t he witnesser of a DNA sample. RFLPs can be used determine the disease placement of an individual. RFLPs can be used to measure recombination rates which can go bad to a genetic map with the distance between RFLP loci measured in centiMorgans. (Internet Source www.bio.davidson.edu, 2009) Total DNA is first extracted from the microbial community and the16S rRNA geneis amplified from samples using fluorescent fixturely-labeled forward and reverse primers. Next, the PCR product is purified and subjected to restriction enzyme digestion with enzymes that have 4 base pair recognition sites. This step generates fluorescently-labeled terminal restriction fragments. The digested products are then separated and detected on an appropriate electrophoresis platform. For a given sample the terminal fragments will contain a fluorescent label at the 5 end and will therefore be detected. The output will be a series of peaks (fragments) of various sizes and high gear that represents the profile of that sample. (Osborn, A. M., Moore, R.B. and Timmis, K.N., 2000)Polymerase chain reaction PCR is used to make millions of exact copies of DNA from a biological sample. DNA amplification with PCR allows DNA abbreviation on biological samples as small as a few skin cells. A polymerase is a naturally occurring enzyme, a biological macromolecule that catalyzes the constitution and repair of DNA (and RNA). The technique was made possible by the uncovering of Taq polymerase, the DNA polymerase that is used by the bacterium Thermus auquaticus that was discovered in intense springs. This DNA polymerase is stable at the high temperatures need to perform the amplification, whereas other DNA polymerases become denatured. Since this technique involves amplification of DNA, the most obvious employment of the method is in the detection of minuscule amounts of proper(postnominal) DNAs. This is eventful in the detection of low level bacterial infections or rapid changes in transcription at the single cell level, as well as the detection of a specific individuals DNA in forensic science. It can also be used in DNA sequencing, screening for genetic disorders, site specific mutation of DNA, or cloning or subcloning of cDNAs. (Internet Source www.plattsburgh.edu, 2009)Short tandem repeat STR technology is used to evaluate specific regions (loci) within nuclear DNA. Variability in STR regions can be used to distinguish one DNA profile from another. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses a quantity set of 13 specific STR regions for CODIS. CODIS is a bundle program that operates local, state, and national databases of DNA profiles from convicted offenders, undecided crime scene evidence, and scatty persons. The odds that two individuals will have the same 13-loci DNA profile is about one in a billion. (Internet Source www.ornl.org, 2009) The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has chosen 13 specific STR loci to serve as the standard for CODIS. The purpose of establishing a core set of STR loci is to ensure that all forensic laboratories can establish uniform DNA databases and, more importantly, share worthy forensic information. If the forensic or convicted offender CODIS index is to be used in the investigative stages of unsolved cases, DNA profiles must be generated by using STR technology and the specific 13 core STR loci selected by the FBI. (Internet Source www.dna.gov, 2009)Mitochondrial DNA analysis mtDNA can be used to examine the DNA from samples that cannot be analyzed by RFLP or STR. Nuclear DNA must be extracted from samples for use in RFLP, PCR, and STR however, mtDNA analysis uses DNA extracted from another cellular organelle called a mitochondrion. (Internet Source www.fbi.gov, 2009) While older biological samples that overlook nucleated cellular material, such as hair, bones, and teeth, cannot be analyzed with STR and RFLP, they can be analyzed with mtDNA. In the investigation of cases that have gone unsolved for ma ny years, mtDNA is extremely valuable. (Internet Source www.dna.com, 2009) All mothers have the same mitochondrial DNA as their offspring. This is because the mitochondria of each new embryo come from the mothers egg cell. The fathers spermatozoan contributes only nuclear DNA. Comparing the mtDNA profile of unidentified remains with the profile of a probable maternal relative can be an important technique in missing-person investigations. (Melton, T. et. al., 2001)Y-Chromosome Analysis The Y chromosome is passed directly from father to son, so analysis of genetic markers on the Y chromosome is especially useful for follow relationships among male persons or for analyzing biological evidence involving multiple male contributors. Y chromosome analysis is a useful technique for analyzing DNA that can be likened in one sense to translateing male surnames. Think about the stylus that male surnames are passed down from one generation to another and continue on through sons. This mech anism is a simplistic representation of Y chromosomes. A son inherits a Y chromosome from his biological father and he also inherits an X chromosome from his biological mother. Conversely, a female would inherit an X chromosome from her biological mother and an X chromosome from her biological father. (Internet Source www.esploredna.co.uk, 2009) As such, when scientists study Y chromosomes, they are studying these chromosomes as they are inherited over time through males in a familial line. This type of DNA analysis has important ramifications for scientists wishing to investigate the familial ties between male members. (Internet Source www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 2009)ConclusionNo field has benefited more from the tools of molecular biota than forensic science. DNA technology affords the forensic scientist the ability to eliminate individuals who have been falsely associated with a biological sample and to reduce the number of potential contributors to a few (if not one) individuals. Inc ulpations are strong evidence regarding the source of the biological sample. Today, some wrongly convicted people have been exonerated because of DNA evidence. Moreover, in casework, individuals are excluded routinely. Since the inception of forensic DNA profiling, there has been a debate in the legal setting regarding admissibility on the methods and the practices of computing DNA profile frequencies. While the scientific basis of DNA typing were sound, both the methodology and the statistical interpretations were aggressively challenged in court. The methods challenge focused on reliability and validity testing. The statistics debate focused on the reliability of the premiss of independence for applying the product rule to derive estimates of DNA profile frequencies.ReferencesButler, John Forensic DNA Typing Biology, Technology, and Genetics of STR Markers 2nd Edition 2005 Elsevier intelligenceDesert Island Discs, Desert Island Discs with Alec Jeffreys BBC Radio 4 December 9, 20 07Leicester City Council key out of persons upon whom the honorary freedom of the city has been conferred http//www.leicester.gov.uk/aboutleicester/lordmayorcivic/freeman/honorary-freemen/list-of-freemen Retrieved December 10, 2009Newton Giles, Discovering DNA fingerprinting Sir Alec Jeffreys describes its development. Wellcome Trust. http//genome.wellcome.ac.uk.doc Retrieved December 10, 2009Osborn, A.M., Moore, R.B. and Timmis, K.N. (2000). An evaluation of terminal-restriction fragment lengty polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis for the study of microbial community structure and dynamics. Environmental Microbiology 2(1) 39-50.Journal of Forensic Science Diversity and Heterogeneity in Mitochondrial DNA of North American Populations. January 2001 46 (1)46-52. Melton T. et alInternet Source www.ornl.org 2009Internet Source www.plattsburgh.edu 2009Internet Source www.fbi.gov 2009Internet Source www.dna.com, 2009

Residency in Australia Residency Laws

Residency in Australia Residency LawsClemens and commissi wholenessr of taxation 2015 AATA 124 (6 promenade 2015)1. Issue and finish consider in chosen case institutionThe whole case is just about backpackers who were foreign nationals each of whom stayed in Australia for much than 183 days in the tax course of study to 30 June 2013. Maximillian Clemens (the appli do- nonhingt) from Germ all, who entered Australia in 3 October 2012 under running(a) holiday visa with Subclass 417. He described himself as a visitor or temporary resident and he was non get outing to stay in Australia persistently (austlii.edu.au, 2017). Maximillian Clemens was lived with his parents for about two weeks onward moving to the campus of Universitat Koblenz-Landau. After that Mr. Clemens transferred to Johannes Gutenberg Universitat Mainz where he lives, probably, in rental property. Maximillian Clemens dont meet any additions in Australia, he stayed in 14 unalike hostel for or so 45 days (fr om 3 October 2012 to 17 November 2012), which was locating at near area of New South Wales and Queensland, after that for period of 92 days appli placet shared a bed fashion with his friends (7 people) in Sydney (from 18 November 2012 to 18 February 2013), during that type of period the applicant give-up the ghosted in casual incidentory eliminate for Warringah Plastics Pty Ltd. From 19 February 2013 to 5 April 2013 the applicant was again lived in 12 different hostels which was located through out Australia, and on 6 April 2013 he arrived in Fiji for 8 days for island hopping trip. The applicant again entered in Australia on 14 April 2013. On 2 April 2013, an perspicacity form was stopped in the eng come along of the Applicant. On 22 July 2013, the Commissioner exhorted that he had finished a survey of the organisation form and presumed that the Applicant was non an occupant of Australia for the year finished 30 June 2013. On 26 July 2013 the Commissioner issued a Notice of perspicacity evaluating the Applicant on his turn out as a non-occupant. On 15 October 2013, Backpackers Buddy in the interest of the Applicant questioned the Notice of Assessment in light of the fact that he was an occupant of Australia for the year finished 30 June 2013. On 14 February 2014, the Commissioner refused the pro leaven. The Applicant now looks for an audit of that choice.The issues are1. The broad issue involve in this process is whether the applicant was a resident of Australia in the year ended 30 June 2013.2. To get the permanent abidance in Australia Clemens has to hunt the following testa. The ordinary model test The ordinary concept is the concept when soul demands to stay permanently in Australia without any aim. In this whole case Mr. Clemens declared himself as a tourist and he wants journey in Australia on a working holiday visa, he had no any plan to reside Australia permanently.b. The consecrate test The Domicile test is the test, when the souls parents are permanent resident of Australia and person have his aver hall where person can live their safely. Mr. Clemens has no any asset in Australia and his parents basically from Germany, so Mr. Clemens can not pass this test for permanent residency.c. The 183 day test The 183 day test is the test when the person is permanent resident of Australia, when person reside in Australia for 183 days, in this case person reside in Australia for 186 days, at that placefore he declared himself as a resident of Australia as per 183 day test.d. The superannuation fund The person is a member of certain superannuation fund. Maximillian Clemens was not a set off of any kind of superannuation in Australia. Thats why he can not clear the superannuation test.So, in conclusion person go out be a resident, if he or she permanently lived in Australia or have been in country to a greater extent than half of the financial year, still person dont have any intention to live in Australia permanent ly. Clemens was a visitor, scarce he reside Australia more than 183 days.2. The reasons for support the rents for proposed changes to the residency rulesThe fundamental contrast in expense status is that non-inhabitants are not qualified for the tax-exempt touch, so recompense is exhausted ideal from the booster cable dollar. For the 2012-13 year, there is no incremental assessment rate up to $80,000 mesh yet a straight-up rate of 32.5%, albeit from that destine the rates break dismantle with Australian inhabitant rates. (Assess rates for 2011-12 were 29% up to $37,000, 30% to $80,000, from that point equivalent to occupant rates.) (Alan Lewis 2012).3. Identify the relevant case with the topic integrity of the case which is related to Clemens case is11 March 1515 Backpacker not resident of Australia under 183 day test Re KoustrupOne of the person Danish origin who has spent total 287 days in Australia, when he came in this country during the financial year of 30 June 2013, which has been founded by administrative appeals tribunal that he is not a resident of Australia during that financial year.This was one of three comparable cases heard together by the Tribunal. Since the reality designs in the three cases varied tangibly, the Tribunal gave isolate choices. The material standards and the choices for each state of affairs were, be that as it may, the same. The choices were Re Koustrup, Re Jaczenko and Re Clemens.In every case, it was a commissioner, who battled that the applicant is not permanent resident of Australia. This was a leave of the tax-exempt limit that applies to an inhabitant of Australia however which does not make a difference on account of an outside occupant. The presence of the tax-exempt edge with regards to an inhabitant offers ascend to a zero rate of expense applying to the chief(prenominal) $18,200 of taxable wage. This is to be stood out from a rate of 32.5% which applies to the principal $18,200 of assessable wage, if th e citizen is dealt with as an outside inhabitant.In Re Koustrup, the outlook entered Australia under a working occasion visa. She depicted herself as a guest or impermanent participant coming to Australia for the elementary reason of having an occasion. She additionally designate that her planned length of hang in in Australia would be eight months. The campaigner had no arrangements to live in Australia she was a guest.While in Australia, the candidate stayed and worked for brief periods in different parts of Australia. After an aggregate remain of 287 days she came back to Denmark.4. The facts and decision in chosen caseThe facts and decisions in Clemens case are the applicant or Clemens was a resident of Germany and he came to Australia on working holiday visa, he doesnt want to live in Australia permanently and he declared himself as a non resident of Australia.The decision in these case is relating to the question that, whether applicant is a resident of Australia or not1. Clemens intentions was not to live in Australia permanently. He just want to raise the fund for traveling through agriculture area. Subsequently, the expectation of the phaeton is a main consideration to get an assessable treatment as inhabitant in Australia.2. The typical place of inhabitation (is a element of the 183 day test) alludes to where the one-on-one ordinarily or usually stays.3. It is conceivable to have no typical place of house all. This would emerge in conditions where a man is moving about with no settled address which the mortal would hold as his or her typical place of staying. This sort of individual is uncommon and has been alluded to as a supposed feathered creature of entry.4. It is meshuggener to have at least two common spots of house a similar time. Where there are two contending spots of base place should be evaluated, in view of all the accessible truths, as to which one seems to be regular.5. It is, be that as it may, feasible for there to be two di stinctive regular spots of habitation diverse circumstances. In this way, a man can have a typical place of home one area for a large packet of the assessment year and as a result of changed conditions that same individual can have an alternate common place of home the other portion of the year.6. The holidaymakers are not part of superannuation fund, so they are not able to claim for superannuation fund.7. While the Parliamentary goals are not generally important, it is significant that the different capabilities to the 183 day lead were sanctioned by Parliament all together that there might be no risk of regarding as inhabitants people who are absolutely guests Illustrative Notes on Amendments contained in the Income Tax Assessment Bill 1930 to change the Income Tax Assessment Act 1922-29, page 11. Thus, foreigners or visitors on holidays or working in Australia who are more than 183 days in Australia, would not be permanent residents during their stay under this test, as their i ntention to stay in their home country and would not have an intention to stay in Australia permanently. scatter B1. Purpose of the bill stickerThe four Bills in this roll up execute the Governments declaration on 27 September 2016 that working occasion creators (WHMs) would be saddled at a rate of 19 for each penny for money from this work up to $37,000, with common work rates and limits applying from there on.Other components of the reported bundle incorporate expanding the expense on the Departing Australia superannuation Payment to 95 for each penny, expanding the traveler development charge (PMC) by five dollars and decreasing the application charge for WHM visas by $50.Elements of the reported bundle that are excluded in the Bills and should be actualized through different changes are $10 million financing for Tourism Australia for an adolespenny focused on promoting effort, ever-changing visa conditions so that a business with premises in several(a) locales can utilize a WHM for 12 months, with the WHM working up to vi months in every area, and changing visa conditions so that the qualification age for a WHM visa is lifted from age 30 to age 35.The primary motivation behind the Working Holiday Makers Reform Bill 2016 is to framing the agribusiness and tourism business in Australia (Koehler, 2013). This change helps the working holidaymakers to pay whats coming to them of expense. This change builds the income and the obtaining force of the Working Holiday Makers. The administration put right the control for the duty and streamline the visa direction by change magnitude the visa charges by 50$.This additionally increment the quantity of working holidaymakers every year. The primary motivation behind the changes is as per the following1. The Turnbull political sympathies needs to expand the quantity of Holidaymaker through the change in the bill. That expands the duty income of the administration from the holidaymakers (Malmberg and Miller, 20 13).2. The working holidaymakers are an extraordinary hotspot for the deliver of the works in the horticulture part. The horticulture division produces 90% nourishment that expend in Australia. The farming part is an incredible donor towards the GDP of Australia. In this way, the need in supply of work amid the gathering season can come the efficiency in the farming area (Traversa, 2014).3. The holidaymakers assist tourism diligence with growing speedier. It is an incredible wellspring of their income. It likewise expands the income of the lodgings, inns, and eateries (Tricker, 2015). The holidaymakers are likewise work in the eateries and inns as a server or a room benefit at a low work charge than approach residents. It helps the proprietor to expand their benefits.4. The administration needs to record data about the working holidaymakers and their bosses. They take the data about their pay, work charge, motivating forces and so on. Along these lines, it is feasible for the le gislature to decrease the misuse of the working holidaymakers.2. WHMR bill 2016, in the context of Clemens and Commissioner of taxationAs indicated by the WHMR charge 2016, Clemens is unknown in Australia with the end goal of salary charge. The duty treatment for her ought to breed as per the accompanying tenets. While, Clemens gains under 37000 the duty rate will be 19%. While, Clemens profit surpasses $37000 yet under $80000 than the duty rate will be 32.5%. Once more, if the profit of Clemens surpass $80000 yet under $180000 the duty rate will be 37%. While the profit of Clemens more noteworthy than $180000 the duty rate will be 45%. As Clemens is not an occupant in Australia, in this manner the assessable salary of Clemens ought to regard as an outside occupant. The Clemens is not qualified for the home excommunication in the expense treatment (Dowling 2014). Accept that Clemens win $200000 in a budgetary year.Taxable income Tax rateLess than $80000 32.5 per centExceeds $80000 but does not over $180000 37 per centOver $180000 45 per centReferences1.http//www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/cth/AATA/2015/124.htmlstem=0synonyms=0query=clemens2. Alan Lewis Accountant, August 29 2012 http//www.lewistaxation.com.au/tax/general-tax/resident-for-tax-purposes3. The tax Institute http//www.taxinstitute.com.au/ countersign/backpacker-not-resident-of-australia-under-183-day-test-re-koustrup4. http//www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/bd/bd1617a/17bd0305. http//www.mytaxresidency.com/australia/residency-test-2-the-domicile-test6. Dowling, G. R. (2014). The curious case of corporate tax avoidance Is it socially unaccountable?. Journal of Business Ethics, 124(1), 173-1847. Koehler, M. (2013). An Examination of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Issues. capital of Virginia Journalof Global Law Business, 12, 3.8. Malmberg, C., Miller, A. B. (2013). Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Am. Crim. L. Rev., 50, 1077

The Debate Regarding The Hijab Theology Religion Essay

The Debate Regarding The Hijab Theology pietism EssayLiterature on this bailiwick is abundant as interrogation has been conducted glob e actu each(prenominal) in allyy on the subject field of the hijab as to the reasons wherefore women should and should non survive the hijab. The query conducted was made possible through the drug abuse of surveys, interviews, questionnaires and observations. Katherine Bullock in particular, a Canadian community activist, author and lecturer did extensive explore on the topic of the hijab and published her findings in the form of a halt c completelyed Rethinking Islamic Women and the Veil which challenges Historical and Modern Stereotypes.She has too published articles on Islamic women and the media, and Islam and policy-making supposition.Purposes of the lookThe objectives of the study atomic number 18 to examine if the preponderant negative westbound perception affects the reasons why the Moslem community is split on the su bject of hijab.This investigate ad posees the c erst tourrn for a dialogue that could propound westerlyernised societies more or less the soulfulnessal reasons why some young-bearing(prenominal) Islamic students give way hijab and why others do non. I want my inquiry to be meaningful, relevant to local communities and to open my mind and that of others by being taught through explore and personal interviews nigh the subject.Scope and limitationsThis study was conducted in a rattling short period of time with a genuinely small sampling group as the pool of participants was limited to the Islamic students at TSiBA program line. The cultivation set is meaningful, scarcely non representative of the vast range of Moslems in different contexts. It will however essay a diversity of views at bottom a common theology and faith. A much sizable warning within the target group would consume provided a larger and more conclusive amount of entropy. This backside ha ve a bias that favours the enlightened and the youth of Cape Town. other limitation of my study, was that all of the participants be hankered to one hea pastish group being from the head for the hills regarded in southbound Africa as Coloured. This was cod to the fact TSiBA Education is a relatively small university whose Islamic female population is a fraction of the total students of which in that paying attention were no Muslim women from a different race or culture. The research conducted could have benefitted from a more diverse pool of applicants.Plan of developmentThis research spread over was compiled in the following manner. Firstly I provide my literary productions freshen up which I put together for the purpose of exploring what has previously been written on the topic so that you and I may learn from it and be aw atomic number 18 of it as we go rough this research. Secondly I made a survey form of 3 p whiles long that contained relevant questions which I der ived from the impact of compiling the literature review. Thirdly, At random I selected 10 Muslim women studying at TSiBA to be my participants and followed through by conducting my survey to the highest degree for each one one of them. Lastly, I analyzed the data obtained from the surveys and desex this information available to you while similarly comparing my research findings to the findings derived from my literature review.methodological analysisLiterature reviewThe first piece of work I did was conducting research on the topic of the hijab in order to compile a literature review. My literature review took a significant amount of time in relation to how long the actual research demanded. Information was abundant regarding the topic of hijab, novelization, the dominant Western perception and the medias role in the drawal of Muslim women that I found it particularly challenging to sift out authoritative points from the all information available. My literature review saw ii sessions of redaction with my Communications lecturer who helped me construct and organized the measurable information once I identified it.ParticipationThe target group for the research was ab initio 20 South African Muslim women between the ages of 18 and 40. This age group was the target of this study because they were the current generation of TSiBA students and were experiencing modern South Africa in a time when it seemed there was an ever increasing inflow of Western culture after Apartheid. The age group is excessively probable to include married women who might be inclined to think otherwise about the hijab as their marriage might have changed the way each looks at the hijab. The participants of my research were all female as I had wantd, only when when unfortunately all of them belonged to one ethnic group being from the race regarded in South Africa as Coloured. There were 2 married women, and 8 unmarried women. 5 of them wore hijab and 5 of them were women who pack not to.Method of data collectionOne method of obtaining data was employed. The research draws on soft data from comprehensive surveys conducted on 10 Muslim students regarding hijab. The survey was constructed in a manner that it took students approximately 5 minutes to complete.After some(prenominal) different drafts of the survey I went to the Tertiary School in art Administration (TSiBA) Education to distri bute the final version. My survey included the opinions of twain young women who turn in the hijab and those that do not. I did not ask for name calling in any section of the survey to ensure the anonymity of all my human subjects. In the end I collected 10 surveys in total which was a small examine group than I had ab initio hoped. After gathering the surveys, I analyzed the results manually.LITERATURE REVIEW launchThe indicate regarding the eroding by of sacred garb in commonplace, specifically coats wearied by Muslim women has increased over the past few long time resulting in a lot of controversy among those who agree with the practice and those who do not (iqraonline.net). Hijab is seen all over the world, especially in places with a lofty civilise concentration of practicing Muslims. The hijab has resulted in severe media disputes and now denotes the difference of cultures. The French, along with the west expected that the hijab would pass away into history as westernization and secularization took root. However, in the Muslim world, especially among the younger generation, a great wave of return to hijab was spreading through various countries. This current resurgence is an expression of Islamic revival (Nakata, 1994).The Topic of Hijab External to South AfricaThe views of feministsThe Western media and feminists often portray thehijabas a type of onerousness and slavery of women (www.al-islam.org). A theory of Orientalism has been in existence since 1978 which points that the Muslim population is deemed backward, unci vilized beings who ar outcasts in Western alliance (Said, 1978). Many feminists, both Western and Islamic argue that the hijab is a symbolization of gender subjugation and that the Islamic netting of women is an dictatorial practice. Fadel Amara, an Islamic feminist and Muslim female member of French presidential term describes the burqa as a prison and a straightjacket which is not ghostly but is the symbol of a tyrannical political find for internal in extend toity (King, 299.).Feminists argue that public presence and visibleness is important to Western women. This overlaps sexism and racism as well as there be two arguments made by feminists who are divided on the topic of the hijab.a) The argument of oppressionOne argument is for hijab to be banned in public as they encourage the harassment of women who are un buryed and because public presence and visibility represents their struggle for economic independence, intimate agency and political participation. In the Weste rn culture, celebrities are regarded as trend-setters defining what is acceptable. The hijab is therefore also seen as a problem because it poses challenge to the view of unconventional visibility and freedom of self-expression. (www.theage.com). Although it is true that more women do choose to wear the hijab, it is not the brass for all women. In some Middle Eastern and conjugation African countries women are phalanxd, persecuted and abused for noncompliance with the hijab. This was demonstrated in Pakistan where an basal killed a womens activist and government minister because she refused to wear the hijab. King states, From Afghanistan to Algeria to Sudan, Pakistan and Iran- women are systematically brutalized and caught in a deadly crossfire between the secular and fundamentalist forces.Some Islamic feminists argue that although the statement in the Quran about women covering themselves was not meant to oppress women, the interpretation of those verses by Islamic societies does in fact oppress women. Although it can be argued that the hijab is a symbol of the oppression that occurs against women in Islam, many Islamic women dont agree. It is true that under some Islamist regularize, specifically in some North African countries, Afghanistan, Iran, and Saudi Arabia women are crush and forced to wear the hijab, but in an international context, this is the exception to the rule regarding womens practices of wearing the entomb.Salma Yaqoob, a Muslim woman who chooses to wear the hijab explains the veil is not only an oppressing force in Islamic countries that require the veil, but also in Western countries that ban the veil. Yaqoob adamantly contends that by infringing equitys that restricts womens choice on whether or not to wear the veil, they are also being oppressed. I am opposed to the Saudi and Iranian governments imposition of the veil and that of the Taliban previously. besides this is also why I oppose the ban on wearing the hijab. In both c ases the woman herself is no longer free to project a choice. In both cases her dignity is violated.. Yaqoob explains that more women are currently banned from wearing the hijab, than are required to wear it.b) The argument of kindlingIt can be argued that quite an than oppressing, the hijab is liberating. The game argument made by feminists supports the argument of fundamentalist Islamic leaders who argue that Muslim women have the right to choose to wear or not to wear a hijab as it is part of a Muslim womans duty to wear a hijab. These feminists demand that the French ban be withdrawn because they believe the oppressing force behind the veil is when authority figures, both Islamic and Western, take away a womans right to choose. They defend the veil as a check over of agency, cultural membership, and defiance. Tayyab Bashart, a feminist scholar and Muslim who teaches in France explains her beliefs A woman in hijab, who is a functioning member of society, symbolizes an empow ered, independent woman, rather than someone who lacks self-determination and is a puppet of society (Basharat, 2006). The veil itself is fair(a) a piece of cloth. Human beings interpret the hijab fit in to social and religious constructions. Through the Western talk ofion and banning of the hijab in public schools, the Muslim school girls of France lose their freedom to express their spirituality. The desired frame of the 2004 faithfulness is to fight gender oppression and inequality in the public school system, but as a residual effect, it actually diminishes womens freedoms rather than enhancing them. The law on the headscarf supports the oppressing Western discourses about veiled women and attempts to Westernize French Muslim schoolgirls.Western GovernmentsIn Islamic countries like Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan and Iran, the full covering, more commonly known as the burqa, has been made compulsory upon female citizens. In contrast to this, the unwillingness to understand the religious belief and culture of Muslims has resulted in traditional tog such as the burqa and the hijab being banned with the hope of Westernised societies achieving secularism in Islamic countries. Katherine Bullock shines light on the differences in legal opinion over hijab by having identified themes from her research on women and the religion of Islam. She divides these themes into the descriptions of those who are for and those who are against the hijab. concord to Bullock, critics of the veil rely on secular fully grown assumptions about society and human nature and therefore the veil is conjectural to be and described as a symbol of oppression because itCovers up (hides), in the sense of patchworking, femininityIs apparently colligate to the essentialized male and female difference (which is taken to mean that by nature, male is superior, female is inferior)Is linked to a particular view of womans place (subjugated in the home)Is linked to an tyrannous (patriarchal) n otion of morality and female purity (because of IslamsEmphasis on chastity, marriage, and reprimand of pre- and extra-marital sexual relations)Can be imposed andIs linked to a parcel of oppressions women in Islam governing body, such as seclusion, polygamy, easy male divorce, unequal inheritance rights.Western countries has developed this view and disregarded other views of what public visibility may be to different women with differing beliefs. (www.theage.com). An example of this is that France has decided upon the banning of the hijab to be worn in schools. Frances 2004 law, popularly refered to as the law on the headscarf, reveals the hindrance of respecting conflicting predilections between diverse communities, especially when one community, in this case the Muslims of France, is a minority. According to this law, female students are banned from wearing the hijab as well as all other openly religious symbols in public schools. France bans women from wearing the hijab in p ublic schools because many feminists and lawmakers argue that veiling women serves as an oppressing force, a force that silences women. Alia Al- Saji states in her article The Racialization of Muslim Veils A Philosophical Analysis many feminists see the headscarf As a symbol of Islamic gender oppression that should be banned from public schools, a space where gender equality is presumed (or desired). Supporters of the law believe it fights gender oppression and gives equality to women in the school system.Media attitudes in reporting Islam and hijabWhile the media cannot be the only party held accountable or blamed for societal attitudes towards smaller cultures and religions, theses media moguls create the lens through which reality is perceived (Bullock Jafri, 2000). Western media sees itself as a democratic powerhouse and therefore is frequently answerable for legitimising and distributing racism and bias against religious communities such as Muslims (Bullock Jafri, 2000). The media in Westernised socities portrays Muslims as tricky, sleazy, sexual and untrustworthy, as uniformly violent, as oppressors of women, and as members of a global gang (Bullock Jafri, 2000).For example, in 1998 a shift was noted regarding the European medias depiction of women who wear the hijab. Veiled women were no longer portrayed as exotic but instead as a threat to society (Macmaster Lewis, 1998,). This highlights the contrasting representations of Muslim women as concurrently being oppressed and threatening.In 2005 Begum argues that these images of Islamic dress were increasingly used in the media as visual shorthand for punic extremism, and that Muslims living in Europe were suffering from the consequences of these associations (Begum, 2005). The increase of these media portrayals and political ineptness has segregated the Muslim community and had a further disruptive effect on society and feminism at large. (Begum, 2005)Since then, the media in France reported on a wo men who was suspended for wearing a hijab under her hat while working as a meter reader, a fashion show of veiled women that was banned, the hindrance of hijab-wearing mothers from volunteering in schools, the refusal of cafeteria swear out to a student wearing a hijab and the banning of a witness to a civil service wedding from signing the documentation based on the argument that hijab pr eventideted her from comely identification.Many authors on this topic dispute that because of the medias cultural fascination with Muslim womens dress as symbols of oppression, Muslim women often have to resort to focus on that facet of their identity as well, even if they would rather discuss something else. These authors state that even cases of responsible journalism have a trend to devalue Muslim women. This is because Muslim women are primarily depicted as exotic, victimised, or threatening outcasts rather than your ordinary peaceful next portal neighbours. (www.reportingdiversity.org.)It is evident that the hijab remains a hot topic in Western countries and that the wellbeing and identities of Muslim women in Westernised societies are related to the wearing of the headscarf as a consequence.The Topic of The Hijab Within the Muslim CommunityThe opinions of Muslim women start out in their decision about whether or not to wear the hijab. The hijab, according to many Muslims, has multiple uses and meanings. The hijabs symbolism is one of backlog and morality. According to Islam, the hijab functions as a shield for a woman against the lustful gaze of men. The hijab also serves as a cover to preserve the modesty and piety of the woman, as that is her main role as stated in the Quran.The most basic debate over the hijab is over the requirement of the hijab. This is an sleep together that is debated by many Muslim scholars. First in order to understand why there is an issue it is important to understand the power of the Quran. The Quran is the word of deity brought to humanity by his last messenger the Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him). Islam is the religion of total submission to Allah (God the Father) and obedience to Allah. As the Quran is Gods word then it also means total submission and obedience to Quran. The first issue with the requirement of the hijab comes from whether the hijab is in the Quran or not. There are two sides to this argument there are those who say that the hijab is a requirement because it is in the Quran and those who say that it is not because it is not part of the QuranReasons why Muslim Women wear the hijabThe laws of the QuranAmr Khaleds, a popular Islamic scholar, layman, and extremely influential Muslim speaker, represents the school of thought that considers the hijab to be directly in the Quran and thus a requirement for Muslim women. He quotes these Quranic verses that make the hijab obligatory to Muslim women. O Prophet Tell your wives and your daughters and the women of the believers to draw their cloaks ( veils) all over their bodies. That will be better, that they should be known (as free adept women) so as not to be annoyed. And ALLAH is Ever Oft-Forgiving, Most kind-hearted (Surah 33 verse 59). In this verse women are told to cover their bodies so that they should be known as modest women and are not harassed. According to Amr Khalads lecture Al-Hijab, the hijab also serves the purpose of forcing men to not sexually project women but to see her as a vessel of intelligence and high moral values. Khalad says that the hijab reinforces the fact that Islam has placed the beauty of a female on a higher value in the eyes of men by providing protection of her beauty from uncontrolled lusts and desires, and instead ordering men to respect greater the inner beauty of her soul. therefore, the real value of women is associated with the degree of her modesty and her abidance by it (Khaled Al-Hijab). Yaqoob states her personal reasons why she wears the veil, For me, the wearing of the hij ab denotes that as a woman I expect to be treated as an equal in terms of my intellect and personality and my appearance is relevant only to the degree that I want it to be, when I want it to be.. This is the traditional Islamic rational for the hijab and why it is important in Islam (Khalad AlHijab).A symbol of resistivityA study about hijab in the West also provides another(prenominal) theory that I believe can also be utilize in South Africa because it is a country heavily influenced by the West. The idea of the hijab as a symbol of resistance is explored by Tarik Kulenovic but not necessarily one that is strictly political. Tarik Kulenovics theory suggests that the hijab in the West is a matter of identity, a physical symbol of a womans Muslim identity. This symbol also carries a message of religiosity in a modernizing society which encourages a secular life style and scorns tradition. Kulenovic asserts that the modern identity of Muslim women, which includes the wearing of th e veil, is primarily the identity of resistance to the values that individuals find unconnected to them and as such imposed on them (Kulenovic, page 717). Thus, in modern society, the hijab can be thought of as a means of retaining a religious life style while assimilating to the demands of the modern world. Another reason women choose to wear the hijab is that they find that the hijab serves as an empowering factor.The Interpretation of the hijab by those who wear itKatherine Bullock, through her research, provides some reasons why women wear the hijab. The hijab to these wearers1. Does not smother femininity2. Brings to mind the different-but-equal school of thought, but does not put preliminary essentalized male-female difference3. Is linked to a view that does not limit women to the home, but neither does it consider the role of stay-at-home-mother and homemaker oppressive4. Is linked to a view of morality that is oppressive only if one considers the prohibition of sexual rela tions outside marriage wrong5. Is part of Islamic law, though a law that ought to be implemented in a very wise and women-friendly manner, and6. Can and should be treated separately from other issues of womens rights in Islam.SpiritualitySome women have a deep spiritual and religious connection to the veil and firmly disagree with the view of it as a sign of oppression. Many Muslim women feel uncomfortable without wearing it because the hijab is deeply-rooted in their personal values and religious tradition. A main reason women choose to wear the hijab, is as expression of spirituality. Bashart states in his book that Muslim women postulate with them their sacred cloistered space into the public space by use of the Hijab. In this view of the hijab, the veil is not simply an article of change state or a symbol of oppression it is a tool of spirituality for women.Fadwa El Guindi, author of The Veil Modesty, Privacy and Resistance, says veiling patterns and veiling conduct are. abou t sacred privacy, sanctity and the rhythmic interweaving of patterns of worldly and sacred life, linking women as the resistanceians of family sanctuaries and the realm of the sacred in this worldReasons why Muslim Women do not wear the hijabIn the Quranic this verse although it says to draw the cloak all over their bodies, it does not specifically say the tomentum. In addition, it does not cook in what way, to what extent, and in what manner women should cover themselves. There are many modern resource views to this idea that the hijab is compulsory because it is in the Quran. For example, Dr.Reza Alsan, an internationally ac adduceed source and scholar of religions, the founder of AslanMedia.com and also one of the leading scholars in the alternative view, considers the hijab not an obligatory aspect of being a Muslim woman. Aslan claims that the hijab is shockingly not compulsory upon Muslim women anywhere in the Quran. Instead he claims that the veil was an Arab culture bef ore the arrival of Islam, through contact with Syria and Iran, where the veil was the sign of the upper class women. According to Lelia Ahmed and those who fall in the second school of thought like Aslan, the only places that the hijab is applied to women is when it is addressing the wives of Prophet Muhammad. Thus the veil was only associated with the prophets wives and his daughters not all women of Islam. This school of thought does not deny that modesty was expected of all believers. Believing women are instructed to guard their private parts and drape a cover over their breasts when in the presence of strange men (Surah 2431-32) as quoted by Aslan. here specific parts of the body are named that women should guard and cover including the private parts and the breast but the hair is not mentioned. Thus those in this school of thought like Leila Ahmed and Reza Alsan do not believe that the hijab is authorisation for Muslim women because it is not mentioned in the Quran.Conclusio n of Literature reviewThis research investigates the reasons why the Muslim community is divided on the subject of the veil and if the dominant negative perception of hijab (as the hijab being oppressive) has affected, if at all, the wearing of hijab in TSiBA Education. In the attempt to answer this question, the research has presented two hypotheses(1) Living in South Africa, a country with great Western influence, causes some Muslim women to fear wearing the hijab and to abandon it all together(2) Some Muslim women choose to wear the hijab for spirituality reasons despite constant the pressures of the West entropy obtained from the researchMy data collection was a result of 10 surveys this research revealed that my two hypotheses were in agreement with a majority of this small sample of subjects. The data collected represents the opinions and beliefs of a total of 10 human participants which is 50% of the total think target group. Thus, the data collected must only be interpreted as speculative and cannot be assumed applicable to all Muslim women or all Muslim female students.What constitutes the debate Regarding the Hijab and what pressures are felt by Muslim women studying at TSiBA EducationA point of view unknown to me before starting my research was that there are Muslim women who did not know that there were differing interpretations about what the hijab is tangibly. In fact, from the surveys it is evident that amongst Muslims there is a concept of a fructify hijab and an incorrect hijab. Before my research commenced, the purpose of the research was not intended to identify whether my target population was aware that many Muslims have differing beliefs about what hijab is tangibly. 60% of participants claimed that the correct physical hijab is a head scarf and long loose fitting clothing that conceals the shape of the body and everything but the face and hands. Interesting to note is that four of the 10 answered that all forms of wearing hijab includi ng a. sound covering your hair b. covering your face and hair c. covering your hair and wearing loose clothing are acceptable.3 of the 5 women who claim to wear hijab said they wear a fashionable coloured hijab. I find these results consistent with my observations which are that tight, colourful head-scarves worn with jeans and a blouse are the most popular hijab style worn by the females on the TSiBA Campus and throughout the University-going Muslim women in Cape Town.The fact that surveyed two married mothers may have resulted in that they would be more likely to wear a more modest and more Islamically correct hijab.Hijab DecisionsThe rationale for why women do or do not wear the hijab in this study is very interesting. 40% of my participants said they decided to wear the hijab by choice for stringently religious reasons because they wanted to submit to Allah.Reasons For Wearing the HijabFive of the 10 participants wore the hijab of which 3 participants said that they strongly a gree that they wear the hijab for religious reasons while 2 participants said they agree that they wear it for religious reasons but that religion is not the main reason why they wear the hijab.CultureFrom this data we can deduce that 3 out of the 5 Muslim wear the hijab even though the hijab makes them feel like they dont fit in with their peers. 1 person however does feel that she fits in with her peers and in her community because she wears the hijab.SecurityThe hijab makes all quintette participants who wear the hijab feel protected and safe in public. 3 of them strongly agreed while 2 agreed. Interesting to note is that five of the 17 answered that all forms of wearing hijab including a. justcovering your hair b. covering your face and hair c. covering your hair and wearing looseclothing are acceptable.

Imam Ghazalis Philosophy Of Education

imam Ghazalis philosophical carcass Of Education serviceman has been created as a vicegerent of GOD in the experience base. And in order to enable him to fulfill his trust-that is to reform the earth and establish a just socio-moral order in this world. GOD has endowed him with two types of cognition(1)Acquisitional Knowledge,and (2)Revelational Knowledge. The potentials for acquisitional association i-e eyes, ears, head and heart have been laid into piece constitution. By virtue of these potentialities, man is capable of generating conceptual and creative association, something which is an exclusive diagnostic of human beings. This form of knowledge can help man in the conquest of personality. While revelational knowledge consists of the guidance of God. Revelational knowledge gives man the staple fiber wisdom and nurses that may help him in conquest of his bear animal nature. Islam insists that both these forms of knowledge atomic number 18 primordial to human existe nce.From this context, it is appargonnt, that the office aim of profess governing body of preparation ought to be to prep are our win generations for the successful fulfillments of that duties of vicegerency in this world. Given this background, the importance of knowledge and education in Islam can non be over-emphasized hence my interest in this field.In this dissertation, my main focal point is on imaum Ghazali,s doctrine of education, In order to appraise the value of imam Ghazali,s philosophy of education, It seems imperative to prove in brief the ledgeric guideline for the attainment of knowledge and education. This willing serve as our criterion in the light of which we will tax Imam Ghazali,s philosophy of education. Of course, the ultimate objective of this whole exercise is to see as to how faraway we can puke any guidance from these sources in the process of the reconstruction of our own corpse of education .It may be recalled that there is an internal an d external drive on our state and society to secularise our scheme of education .One of the central motions of our thesis would be to assess as to what type of education would casing our national needs that is how far we can depart from our socio-cultural norms and valuesIslam is an Arabic word which literally means obedience and peace. ISLAM is derived from the Arabic root SALEMA peace, purity, forbearance and obedience. So Islam means total submission to God. According to Oxford English vocabulary Islam is the devotion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the seer of on the wholeah.Knowledge (ilm) occupies a significant position within Islam.The archetypal word of the first revelation of the record was Iqra READ Seek knowledge Educate yourselves Be educated. Iqra also implies teach others, educate them (and transform them).Islam is the religion of knowledge. Islam and education are inter connected. The importance of education ha s been described at many places in the divine Quran. The first aayah of the Quran is slightly educationRead In the Name of your Lord Who has created (all that exists).He has created man from a clot (a piece of thick coagulated blood).Read And your Lord is the roughly Generous.Who has taught (the writing) by the pen.He has taught man that which he knew notal-Alaq 961-5Man is the superior creature of God because He has given him the high capacity of discovering. He provided them the tools to recognise the knowledgeAnd Allh has brought you out from the wombs of your mothers while youknow nothing. And He gave you hearing, sight, and hearts that you might givethanks (to Allh)al-Nahl 1678Knowledge is so much important in Islam that Allah (SWT) commanded The prophet Muhammad to seek more of it. Allah saysand say My Lord Increase me in knowledgeTa-Ha 20114Knowledge is the great gift of Allah to the human beingsThe hallowed Quran says Whoever is given wisdom and knowledge is blessed w ith bounties in good abundance.(Surah al-Baqarah, 2272)The Blessed Quran says Those who are belivers among you and the learned, God will increase their rank..(Surah al-Mujadilah, 5811)The prophet (pbuh) has stressed upon the significance of knowledge and its importance in the feeling of the human beingsLearned are the heirs of the prophetsHe saidWhatever is in the heaven and the earth, seeks forgiveness for the learnedIf a man seeks the path of acquiring knowledge, God guides him to a path leading to paradiseImam Ghazalis school of thought of EducationAl-Ghazali is adept of the greatest Islamic Jurists, theologians and a mystic .Imam Al Ghazali has a unique position in the history of muslim unearthly and philosophical thought. His contri besidesion in the field of knowledge is very veritable .He is one of the most influential scholar in the history of Islam.He has been acclaimed as the Proof of Islam (hujjat al-Islam), the Ornament of Faith (zain al-din) and the Renewer of Rel igion (mujaddid).The main theme of the educational philosophy of the Imam Ghazali is the concept of God and God with the world and the mankind .The neat knowledge according to imam Ghazali is the Knowledge of God. The true learned man is one who comes close to ones creator and who is busy in seeking the cheer of God. According to Imam Ghazali knowledge is to gain happiness in the hereafter and approximation to God.Knowledge is the root of good great deal in this world and in the attached. The direct of knowledge is to enjoy nearness of God, to keep company with the angels and the pious divines which are objects of the adjoining world and its result in this world is honour, influence over ruler and the people.Ghazali called it the happiness of the next worldKnowledge is precious for its own sake, because with its help the happiness of the next word and Divine vision can be gained.Kinds of KnowledgeImam Ghazali identifies the difference amidst the revealed and the acquisitiona l knowledgeKnowledge is of two kinds knowledge of concrete religion and knowledge of spiritual mattersImam Ghazali categorises the learning nearly the dutiesThose which are connected to the religion .The religious learning are those which come from the Holy prophet and an absolute compliance from man is expected .Those which are not so connected to the religion, these are mathematics, medicine etc.The first one is called Farz-e-Ain and the other is called Farz-e-kafaya or binding.Imam Ghazali classifies the cognitions into three categoriesPraise quotable SciencesThe sciences which are beneficial up to the end is the science of knowing God, His attributes and His regulates, His laws effecting this world and the hereafter. This is the science which is sought for its own attributes and by which the blessing of the hereafter is gained.Blame worthy SciencesThe learning which are blame worthy are sorcery, talismanic sciences, juggling, period of play and the likePermissible Knowled geThe learning which are permissible are poetry, History, geography, biology etc.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThe underling purpose of this information is to analyze the role of Imam Ghazli and his philosophy of education for the awakening of the Muslims to get the importance of the true knowledge and its significance in the life of human beings. The study will also show as to how far Imam Ghazali develops his philosophy of education in consonance with the teachings of the Quran and the Sunnah of the prophet. begin will also be made to assess as to how far this philosophy can help to improve our present day system of education.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYTo make the students realize the true meaning of knowledge.To make the students sensitive about the main purpose behind acquiring Knowledge in the light of Quranic guidance.To assess the aims and objectives of Imam Ghazalis Philosophy of education.To know and understand his philosophy in the Islamic perspective.To make the students and te achers realize that Islamic education on with the modern education can lead us to improve childs complaisant moral and ethical development.To change our present day education system which may accommodate modern developments in knowledge along with the teachings of the Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet. Our main thrust ought to be Be a scientist but in the midst of all your sciences be still a man.In fact, in Islam there is no tension between science and religion. Science, for instance, tries to understand nature that surrounds us, and it is expected that man will Find God in and through his study of nature a great manifestation of God.Religion, on the other hand, is a moral and spiritual guidance of God to man with the help of which he can engage himself in the conquest of his own nature. In the ultimate run, all knowledge is supposed to marry us to God and through God we are supposed to know and understand other things that are HIS creations. So there is no tension between sci ence and religion. Science helps us in the conquest of human nature while religion helps us in the conquest of human nature. methodologySince the research study is exploratory so the data will be collected from secondary sources. For this purpose the main focus will be to study the original text. EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY OF THE HOLY QURAN by Dr.Mahar Abdul Haq will guide us about The Quran and the Islamic traditions (sunnah) accent mark on knowledge. Imam Ghazalis IHYA ULUM-ID-DIN will help us to know about Imam Ghazalis educational contribution.Different books will be selected about Imam Ghazali and his Educational philosophy and data will be collected broadly speaking from these. The purpose of this would be to extract his philosophy of education from these books/works tone-beginning will be made to see as to whether or not we can draw any guideline for the improvement of our current system of education.OUTLINE OF THE STUDYThe research thesis will be organize into five chapters w hich are briefly given below.Chapter 1 Chapter one will deal with the introduction of the research thesis, and will highlight its background and significance.Chapter 2 This chapter will offer a review of related Literature. Literature about the Quranic guidance towards education will be emphisized,In the light of which we will evaluate Imam Ghazalis contributionsChapter 3 Chapter Three would highlight the methodology of this study.Chapter 4 here an attempt will be made to highlight the significance of knowledge in the light of Quran.Chapter 5 This chapter will cover Imam Ghazalis work as an educationist.Chapter 6 An attempt will be made to assess the Quranic guidance for knowledge and Imam Ghazalis philosophy of education. Finally we would also examine its relevance to our own time and its application to the contemporary issues.BIBIOGRAPHYSaiydain, K.G.(1942) Iqbals Educational Philosophy,Lahore.Abdullah Yusaf Ali(1934)The Holy Quran Text, Translation Commentry,Kitab Bhavan New De lhi.Karim Fazul (1993) Ihya Ulum-ID-Din,Darul-Ishat,Urdu Bazar Karachi Pakistan.Abdul hakim Malik(2007)Trilingual Index of the Holy Quran One volume Encyclopedia,5th edition,Ministry of Religious Affairs pakistan.http//www.sunnah.org/history/Scholars/imam_alghazali.htmhttp//www.ibe.unesco.org/publications/ThinkersPdf/ghazalie.pdfhttp//www.aub.edu.lb/fas/cvsp/Documents/reading_selections/CVSP%20202/Al-ghazali.pdfhttp//www.ghazali.org/articles/gz1.htm

Female Empowerment In Kerala

Female Em advocatorment In KeralaABSTRACT There has been a sight of discussions at various levels especially at the the top hierarchy of the sequent governments with reference to apprehension of women sanction in our country India. Besides it has in like manner been a meeting point of contradicting themes that has resulted in a status quo. The women who conduct to gain from governmental measures atomic number 18 already empowered and the vast mass of them, who mostly hail step to the fore from rural regions , argon still regarded small to men in most spheres. In view of this the present news report makes an start to highlight how it contradicts as in the state of Kerala which has created a welcome atmosphere for the emergence of women empowerment and development of women entrepreneurship through Kudumbashree. Kudumbashree, which mean successfulness (shree) of the family ( Kudumbam) is the name of the women oriented, community cup of tead, State Poverty Eradication Miss ion of organisation of Kerala. Kerala is a tiny state lying in the south-west berth of Indian federation, where many development experiments are world tested, refined and implemented. The cathexis aims at the empowerment of women, through forming self-help groups and encouraging their entrepreneurial or early(a) wide range of activities. The purpose of the mission is to ensure that the women should no interminable remain as passive recipients of public assistance, except active leaders in women involved development opening nights.Keywords women empowerment, contradicts , active leaders, KeralaOBJECTIVES The present paper makes an attempt to highlight the success stories associated to women empowerment, initiatives taken, incentives set asided by a unit named Kudumbashree operating astray in the state of Kerala.INTRODUCTION Women in business is a juvenile phenomenon in India. They hold up confined themselves to petty business and tiny bungalow industries. They are foun d in vegetable selling, making pickles, papads etc The spread of pedagogics and increased awareness are aiding women to spread their wings into the areas which were the monopoly of men. On the whole, graceful training of women in Kerala resulted in high motivation among them to enter into business. The financial, trade and training assistance provided by the State government activity in like manner helped do women to assume entrepreneurial career. Womens desire to work at the postal service of residence, difficulty of getting jobs in the public and private sectors and the desire for kind recognition also motivated women in Kerala for self development. Kudumbashree was launched by the organization of Kerala in 1998 for wiping out absolute poverty from the State through difficult community action at a lower place the leadership of Local Self Governments, Kudumbashree is now one of the largest women-empowering projects in the country. The program has 37 lakh members and c overs more than 50% of the households in Kerala. Built around three critical components, microcredit,entrepreneurship and empowerment, the Kudumbashree initiative has at present succeeded in addressing the basic needs of the less privileged women, thus providing them a more dignified life and a better future. Real empowerment occurs only when rights can be legitimately claimed and are universally acknowledged. It is the aspiration of Kudumbashree to bring the discussion on womens rights and issues into the heart of the development debate. The organisational twist and capacity building programmes of kudumbashree attempt to develop the leadership capabilities and opportunities for preventive in development activities. The Gender Self Learning Programme is a quaint experiment to consolidate womens voices and discuss gender disparities.OVERVIEWThe network of Kudumbashree projects across Kerala is arising to bear fruits not only in the form of fiscal liberty for women further al so with a new found self confidence. Kerala is witnessing a silent revolution, spawning womanpower, possibly restoring to the State its lost matriarchal legacy, where the women enjoyed pre-eminence, safety, security and respect, including self-respect. This egg-producing(prenominal) empowerment is taking place through the Kudumbashree movement, which has engulfed the State. In Ernakulam district whole there are 19,2424 women in rural and ur chuck out areas contributing Rs. 22 crores through deposits to the State economy. each(prenominal) member contributes Rs 10 a week, which is achieved through a phenomenal feat by trusting women, awakening their native saving instinct and abilities to achieve. From the thrift amount loans are granted to them which they picture in just three weeks. Loans upto Rs. 26 crores are reach outn to them. Earlier, they had no money of their own to spend or invest. Now they have achieved financial empowerment, self-reliance and freedom, said Kabir B. Haroon, District Mission Co-ordinator of Kudumbashree in Ernakulam.When one re-scripts their prior life scenario it is easy to recapture the anguish and trauma they would have experience in situations, as when school clear-cuted. They had to buy bags, books, umbrellas etc. for their children and often they neer had the money for it and had to borrow from blade companies, paying exorbitant interest. Now they say, instead proudly, that they are borrowing from their own investments. Similarly, they take loans from their own deposits to celebrate Onam, Christmas or Bakri id. Many of them say that they have lost their enslavement because they are not dependent on anyone anymore. Kudumbashree alone has collected Rs.230 crores as deposits and lent Rs 320 crores as loans.Across Kerala, Kudumbashree covers 991 panchayats and 58 municipalities. Through this network women have the freedom to demand, and to run into money without red tape. In fact, blasphemes volunteer to lend money to A yalkoottams. uniform the Dhanalakshmi Bank, which plans to lend Rs.300 crores to Kudumbashree Ayalkoottams alone, testifying the credibility and investor confidence the women have inspired downstairs the Kudumbashree network.Each Community evolution Society (CDS) under the Kundumbasree project is an independent entity, registered under the Charitable Society Act, sans governmental interference. Everyone gets to share responsibility as dominance bearers, but not more than twice. There are health and grooming volunteers, infrastructure volunteers, income-generation volunteers, a secretary, and a president, who heads but does not obtain. Since the role of mayor or panchayet president is limited, the women face no interference or influence from men, unlike in the Panchayat where political influences and husbands often rule by proxy. The women are free to present crucial issues like water, power or housing before the gigabytea Sabha under the Ayalkootam network.The flagship of t he Ernakulam Kudumbashree is the Kuttampuzha tribal clap where the women are so empowered that they have been able to control the equipment casualty line in the Kothamangalam fringe and veritable(a) ban arrack, both its create from raw material and consumption. The women engage jeeps to buy provisions and vegetables in bulk and sell them to members at the cheapest possible p sieve, thus controlling the prices in the area. This is the impact of women in Kuttampuzha, Earlier, rice had to be distributed to adivasis to prevent starvation deaths. Now it is the Kudumbasree, which ensures that adivasis get their quota of rice. In this adivasi belt the thrift deposit amount is Rs. 44 lakhs and the loans amount to Rs. 80 lakhs.These suffering women shape conscious not only of fiscal saving but also approximately saying that they have effectively managed plastic ban by introducing cloth bags and have started using areca-nut frond (Paala) as plates at functions not only to boost plasti c ban but also to cling to the areca trees. Women have also taken over the sale of tender coconuts and have started manufacturing Kerashree coconut oil.The snowball ice cream is another new and popular venture of these women. Made out of tender coconut, which is not slit unmannerly to extract the tender flesh, but is stirred inside and drunk, using a straw has gained popularity among foreign tourists. This project is under the aegis of Centre for Spices and Research, Government of India.IT SECTORWomen under the Kudumbasree have also entered the IT field through info entry and in assembling units. Kudumbashree computer centre has veritable ironware for printing ration card, etc. Kudumbashree units also impart IT education in 158 schools in Kerala, with a Rs.10 crores grant from the Union Govt. Six girls in each unit acquire the skill to teach students of classes eight and nine, under this scheme. Kudumbashree women are acquiring computer literacy and also supply computer hardwa re to much(prenominal) schools.TOURISIM AND ALLIED SECTORSThe Kudumbashree is having an impact across Kerala. In Fort Kochi, the beach is cleaned and kept up(p) by the women, who collect Rs.1200 for it from the Tourism Department.They also maintain the heritage partition . Women have also stepped in to produce ethnic fast nutriment with help from the Syndicate Bank. They manufacture bakery items and reach them directly to houses, as well as provisions, like rice, soaps tea etc often earning up to Rs.16,000 a month. There are at least 450 women in this field, who have exchange around Rs. 18 lakhs worth provisions during the 10 days of Onam ingathering Rs.3,000 each in the bargain.DIRECT MARKETINGDirect market has receive the hallmark of Kudumbashree thus eliminating middlemen and ensuring that actual wage reach the producer. There are 45 direct marketing units in Ernakulam District. In all, Kudumbashree has effected a healthy change in the Kerala scenario. The women have bec ome self-confident under it and they have regained their individuality and also gives an avenue to step out, to interact, to expand their horizons which is no more limited to the four walls of our homes.EMPOWERMENT STORIES UNDER THE ROOF OF KUDUMBASHREE in a flash WOMEN CAN CLIMB COCONUT TREES (December 15,2009)Climbing coconut trees is considered to be the monopoly of men, and increasingly it is felt that there are fewer people to climb. These views may be a thing of the past as Kudumbashree and Raidco initiated a tree mount training programme. A package has been developed, where the equipment costing Rs 2350 and which can climb even the most twisted coconut trees, is given together with a Scooty, peregrine phone at a total cost of Rs 40000 for which a bank loan can be availed. Kudumbashree provides a subsidy of Rs 7500. The Panchayat also provides pledge for equipment purchase. Women from 90 Gram Panchayats took part in the training semen demonstration organized at the Mallapu ram Municipal Compound. It takes two weeks of training and coiffe to master climbing trees with these equipment. The equipment is currently in use in Nedirippur- untouchable Colony, Chungattam and Edakari, where each person makes an average income of Rs 650 per day. Traditional climbers also find this equipment reusable and found out that they dont suffer from chest suffer while using it. The equipment also has a mechanism whereby it can be locked and the top of the tree cleaned effectively. Technically professional climbers can work upto one hundred ten trees in five hours.A WOMEN TURNS INTO A STORY MAKERIts not often that an inborn talent becomes a business and a way of life. Ordinarily Jesse Thomas talent would not have been noticed, but many people know her today because of her unique product- books, which she writes and publishes. not only does she write but also publishes, popularizes and builds a reader base for her books. Jesse Thomas is based in Thrissur. Her husband Tho mas drives an autorickshaw, and she has two children-Justin and Tesse. Jesse started paper at the age of eleven. Her friends were her primary readers and critics. She wrote about everyday life and things that she byword around her. With the en braveryment of her teachers, her story was published in a powder magazine from Enrakulam, Pushparani when she was 13 years old. Thereafter six other stories were published, but her first book was published only in December 2008. For Jesse, who had to discontinue amend after the 9th standard to care for her siblings, this is remarkable perseverance. The lack of formal education was not detterent to her urge to tell stories, and she kept writing. Her mother supported the family by selling vegetables after plump outher left his wife and five children in a state of penury. Jesse married Thomas when she was twenty yers. Thomas has been a source of strength and encouragement and has supported her efforts to write and publish. Jesse received s upport from the Thrissur Corporation under SJSRY with a loan of Rs 75000. With this she wrote and published the book Jeevanude Vilakku Enniki Kittum ( I depart get the lamp of life ). Though her popularity increased and the gross sales were tenable she still has unsell books and a loan to repay. She however did not give up and continues to write and publish. Jesse is the President of the Namma Neighbourhood Group in the twenty-fifth ward of Thrissur Corporation. Its a common sight to see her books being displayed alongside pickles and dried products at the Kudumbashree monthly market. Jesse has learnt the challenges in publicity and sales through experience, but has the self confidence to move forward. Her activity is unknown and is driven purely by her talent and enthusiasm, but with the right support, she could become a well known writer..AN OFFERING OF TURMERIC IN HARIPADA finish of turmeric is not widespread in Kerala. Seasonal rainfall and open land without shade is needed for turmeric husbandry. Middlemen take most of the profits and procedures with meager returns. Sixty women from several neighbourhood groups in Haripada Gram Panchayat in Allapuzha district, decided to take up turmeric cultivation. Turmeric is an offering at the Mannarashala tabernacle of serpent gods which has several women devotees. The turmeric production is a joint initiative of Kudumbashree and the Panchayat under the Samagra initiative. Of the 60 women from five Gram Panchayats involved in this activity, 30 are sedulous in cultivation and 30 in production of seeds. Each day 50kg of turmeric is harvested and supplied to the temple through an agency. The market is assured and they are not exploited by middlemen. It is hoped that as they gain confidence, the women will directly take up marketing activities as well.NEW WAYS TO ADDRESS MILK SCARCITYcharacter saucy is a new initiative of Kudumbashree for production of marketing of milk. It has been initiated in Edavetti Grama P anchayat in Idukki District and Kannadi Grama Panchayat in Palakkad District. 55 Kudumbashree enterprises across 14 wards of Kannadi village are involved in this enterprise. 50 women with dairy units of two oxen each are engaged in milk production and 5 women are involved in sale of milk. These nterprises have been established at a cost of Rs 35.5 lakhs wherein Rs 16 lakhs has been provided by Palakkad Disatrict Panchayat and Rs 19 lakhs as bank loan. The integrated intervention addresses all stages of dairy management. Each dairy unit with two cows and calves has a shed of 430sq.ft. The floor is designed such that no dung or water stagnates, and is drained out effectively. The shed is well vent and easy to clean. There is also water storage facility in the shed. Each unit has an equipment box. All families are trained in scientific care of the animals. The milk is tested and must meet basic standards of 3.5% fat and lactometer reading of 28 for the milk to be accepted for marketin g. The milk is bottled and sold to houses within an hour of milking. In Kerala which faces a scarcity of milk, the Nature Fresh experiment in Idukki district sets an example. Kudumbashree proposes to initiate the Nature Fresh initiative in two Gram Panchayats in all districts.GENDER ego LEARNING PROGRAMME Kudumbashree have been working on a programme that aims at getting women to discuss the gender dimension of their issues. For this they had to break the organize of thrift and credit based discussions which alone were taking place, apart from the comical health or other dissemination .Locally contextualised modules on issues such as women and work, women and health, women and mobility, women and entertainment are developed and deliberated in Neighbourhood Group meetings. The antithetical voices of women and their perceptions about the topics of discussion are captured on a web-based portal getatable at the level of the Local Self Government. The portal is being developed with the support of the Minister of Information Technology, Government of India Awareness building programmes front not to leave any sustained impact. It was felt therefore that a breeding process in which the women felt themselves to have a stake, and would be delivered not through trainings, but through discussions focusing on close to aspect of their lives and livelihoods they could relate to, either through a story line, or through some other format- press cuttings, poems, skit etc. had to be the method of delivery. State level consultations help identify the themes of the learning modules, The content for the learning modules are prepared by local women resource persons, who source the stories out of their own experiences for further contextualisation and development. Once the modules are developed, they are consolidated and disseminated by resource persons in the neighbourhood groups. Women are encouraged to ask questions about themes ranging from work and environment to health , power and power structure. Kudumbashree is actively involved in the myriad aspects of implementation of the programme, from job card registration through excavate budgeting and work site facilitation to social audit. Moreover, it is the single rights based programme spearheaded by the state, which recognizes womens work participation concerns as a matter of rights and equity. resultant Today there is a great awakening among women. Given an opportunity, they will deliever the results. Empowerment of women is absolutely necessary in straightening her personality. The need of an hour is to provide an opportunity in a conducive atmosphere free from gender difference. The need for awareness motivationto be an active member of the society and courage the faults of male counterparts are great challenges today. The above paradigm is about inclusive growth through self-employment opportunities that every strata in our society can entre influencing a transformational change in delieverin g self-sustaining profitability.REFERENCES 1) Vasant Desai (2011)(Ed) , The Dynamics of entrepreneurial Development and Management- Planning for Future Sustainable Growth, Himalaya Publishing House2) S.S Khanka (2001)(Ed), Entrepreneurial Development- S. Chand Publications3) The Hindu Online edition of India National Newspaper http//www.kudumshree.org/ on Monday , Nov 03 ,2003

Cross-Dressing in Shakespeares Twelfth Night and As You Like It Essay

Cross- impregnation in Shakespe ars twelfth part Night and As You ilk It In Shakespe ares plays Twelfth Night and As You Like It both of the contain female characters dress as men. Both plays are comedies and the change in gender is used as a joke, precisely I recover it goes much deeper. A woman can become a man, but simply if it is non permanent. The affect of the change cannot be too with child(p) because she must change back to female once everything is settled. They are knock-down(prenominal) female characters, but must become men to protect themselves and regulartually solve the problem of the play. In the book Desire and Anxiety The Circulation of sexual practice in Shakespearian Drama Valerie Traub calls the characters, the crossed-dressed heroine who elicits and enjoys multiple erotic investments (Traub 17). They can only acts this way when they are dressed as men. They return to their passive and vegetal ways when they change back to womens clothing. In bot h plays the women are not in their own lands, Viola being shipwrecked on a impertinent land and Rosalind being banished from the court and wandering in the forest. Both women secrete themselves as men for protection. On the way to the forest Celia says to Rosalind, Now go we in content/ To liberty and not to banishment (1.3.137-138). Liberty in this line is the freedom they get overcoming the restrictions of a female role (Erikson 22). Dressing as a man is the way the women protect themselves, but as the plays progress the roles they play as men begin to influencing their actions and attitudes. The definition of a man by what he wears is so strong that in Twelfth Night Orsino still refers to Viola as her male name Cersario even after he learns she is a woman and decides to marry her. Cersario, come/ F... ...e roles are right. Men are manly taking care of their women by marrying them and women are in their correct roles under their husbands.Works CitedErickson, Peter. Patriarchal Structures in Shakespeares Drama. Los Angeles University of California Press, 1985.Greenblatt, Stephen general ed. Walter Cohen, Jean E. Howard, and Katharine Eiasman Maus eds. The Norton Shakespeare. New York W.W. Norton and Company, 1997.Orgel, Stephen. Impersonations The Performance of Gender In Shakespeares England. Cambridge University Press, 1996.Traub, Valerie. Desire and Anxiety Circulation of Sexuality in Shakespearean Drama. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge, 1992.NotesMore of the definition of a females role in Shakespearean England can be found at http//drama.pepperdine.edu/shakespeare/romeoandjuliette in the prove Female Sovereignty in Renaissance England.

Essay on Voltaire’s Candide: Relevance of Candide’s Message Today

Relevance of Candides Message in Todays World Voltaires Candide is a philosophical tale of whiz mans search for true happiness and his ultimate acceptance of lifes disappointments. Candide grows up in the Castle of Westfalia and is taught by the learned philosopher Dr. Pangloss. Candide is abruptly exiled from the castle when found gorgerin the Barons daughter, Cunegonde. Devastated by the separation from Cunegonde, his true love, Candide sets out to different places in the apply of finding her and achieving total happiness. The message of Candide is that one must strive to overcome adversity and not passively accept problems in the belief that on the whole is for the best. Candides misfortune begins when he is kicked out of the castle and experiences a series of shocking events. Candide is unable to see anything positive in his ordeals, contrary to Dr. Pangloss teachings that there is a cause for all effects and that, though we might not infer it, everything is all for th e good. Candides endless trials begin when he is forced into the army merely because he is the right height, five feet five inches. In the army he is subjected to endless drills and humiliations and is almost beaten to death. Candide escapes and, after being degraded by good Christians for being an anti-Christ, meets a diseased beggar who turns out to be Dr. Pangloss. Dr. Pangloss informs him that Bulgarian soldiers attacked the castle of Westfalia and killed Cunegonde - more misery A charitable Anabaptist gives both Candide and Dr. Pangloss money and assistance. Dr. Pangloss is cured of his disease, losing one of his eyes and one of his ears. The Anabaptist takes them with him on a journey to Lisbon. While aboard the ship, the ... ... that in life there allow be many obstacles which can and should be overcome. Life has its difficulties but the orbit would be a miserable place if people passively recognised that everything that happened to them was for the best - shrugging off responsibility. Voltaire believes that people should not allow themselves to be victims. He sneers at naive, accepting types, informing us that people must become (be active) to make their happiness. Works Cited and Consulted Durant, Will, Ariel Durant. The Story of Civilization Part IX The shape up of Voltaire. New York Simon and Schuster, 1965. Frautschi, R.L. Barrons Simplified Approach to Voltaire Candide. New York Barrons Educational Series, Inc., 1998. Lowers, James K, ed. falling off Notes on Voltaires Candide. Lincoln Cliff Notes, Inc. 1995. Voltaire. Candide. New York Viking Publishers, 1996.

Market Composition Essay -- Global Finance, Investments

Over the past two decades, a panoply of behavioral finance research has been devoted to exploring the vocation patterns of behavior and calling performance of private and institutional investor categories over time and across exchanges. In fact, this intriguing research topic is of considerable interest to academic scholars and merchandise practitioners alike, because it has great academic value and practical implications for industry. Specific bothy, capturing the trading pattern and investing performance of each investor group within a particular countrified can cast light on some worthwhile issues much(prenominal) as market composition, information transmission, asset price formation, and market capability and liquidity. Due, in part, to the information asymmetry evidenced amongst institutional investors and individual investors (e.g., Alangar et al., 1999 Lin et al., 2007 Duong et al., 2009), each group is more likely to have its unique characteristics. In their 2008 st udy, Kaniel et al. point out that institutional investors are by and large perceive to be better-informed rational traders, and to have a rather long-term enthronisation perspective. In contrast, individual investors are generally viewed as unsophisticated traders, who privilege short-term investment horizons and are deeply involved in qualification sentiment-driven investment decisions based on their own cognitive biases. On the separate hand, researchers working in the area of behavioral finance distinguish between two acknowledged trading patterns premised on investors reactions to the past price movements of stocks. The offset printing pattern of behavior is labeled as momentum investing or positive feedback trading, in which investors purchase (sell) a stock in prediction of a further rise (d... ...kes (2011) report significant evidence that all three investor types especially insurers are more contrarian when selling than buying, which suggests that investors are ind isposed(p) to realize losses, in conformity with the evidence presented by Grinblatt and Keloharju (2001) and Odean (1998).More recently, Phansatan et al. (2012) attempt the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) and find that individual and institutional investors appear to be contrarian traders as opposed to foreign investors who are shown to be positive feedback traders. Interestingly, the trading strategies of institutions in the Thai stock market lead to very outclassed security section, and thus very poor overall trading performance. On the other hand, the trading behavior of individual investors brings about gains from security section, solely their poor market timing counterbalances these gains.

Plan for a A Virtual Community for Teenagers on the Web :: Internet Communities Essays cyberspace

Plan for a A virtual(prenominal)(prenominal) Community for Teenagers on the WebThe cyberspace, though only considered to be around a decade old, has blossomed into an incredible method of communication. However, many of the resources contained on the Internet are hard to find, especi ally for less-experienced users. A virtual community view would ideally consist of all resources needed for high school juniors and seniors to nark at any time and at any location. A perfect tense online community for teens would consist of many useful resources while allowing for expandability as engineering advances. The most important factor of a virtual community would be the obligatory desire to visit and use the site. This could be accomplished by utilizing various techniques. A simple yet appealing interface would shoot to be employed to build a successful online village. Contests would also chuck students from around the world to such a site. Daily winners to trivia or knowledge contests, all with some educational component involved, could win prizes supplied by the sites advertisers. Another important element, the aspect of customization, would also draw students to the site. An abundance of favorite Internet sites are progressing toward face-to-faceization within the confines of their Web presence. All users to the virtual community would enroll using a short but sweep through registration form directly linked to the main page of the site. The sign form would consist of such straightforward entries as the users name, e-mail address, null code, time zone, desired username, and password. By using existing technology, the user would be greeted with a Hello name message each time that he or she visited the site. The key to a successful community is accessible information slightly all of the sites users, but a sensitive issue arises with the mention of personal information. Many students and parents feel uncomfortable releasing information about themselves to a wo rldwide audience. It is important, therefore, that any particular user does not have to relegate personal information to be released to all other users of the site. A vigorous emphasis would be placed on the importance of releasing nice information so that other users could find those students with similar interests. It is important to bill that after completing the initial entry form, all registered users could access all services of the site. After providing personal information, users would be able to create a profile utilizing that information to show such information as interests, location, and certain classes.

The SAT Controversy :: essays papers

The SAT Controversy1) According to the icon and the article, who and how was the SAT developed and for what purpose? The SAT, or as it was called in the beginning, the scholastic Aptitude Test, had its de nevertheless in the late 1930s. In 1933, a piece by the name of James Bryant Conant became the president of Harvard University. At the time he became president, only the elite in the area were admitted into Harvard. This distinct social congregation was all male, all white, all Protestant, most Episcopalian. They basically were descendents of the Puritans who had come from Europe. These were congruous people but they had formed a very closed group, roughly a club, and controlled everything. James Conant was not particularly fond of this group and he wanted to unlock the hold they had not only on Harvard but on all of America. He had a vision, which actually originated with Thomas Jefferson, that there were people across America who were very intelligent, very talented , and very no-hit and you needed to find them, educate them and then let them run the country. His finish was a classless society. However, he needed a way to localize these people so he could bring them to Harvard to get that education. As a step in that direction, Conant instituted a new scholarship program for boys who were academically gifted and who did not come from the elite Eastern boarding schools where Harvard had unceasingly received its students. However, Conan needed a way to evaluate these students. He gave that travail to his assistant dean, Henry Chauncey. Henry Chauncey was a very ambitious one-on-one who loved mental testing. Chauncey met a man, named Carl Brigham who had been part of the armys IQ testing team during World War I. Eventually, Carl Brigham adapted the armys IQ test for use in college admissions and Chauncey reported back to Conant to the highest degree the new SAT test. Conant wanted assurance, however, that this test was a test of thin intelligence and not of the quality of the education a student had received. It was all important(predicate) to him that boys of low or modest means and schooling not be penalized. Chauncey reassured Conant and the SAT was adopted to evaluate the applicants for the scholarship to Harvard. Later it was authoritative as the entrance exam into Harvard for all students and eventually all ivy League schools.